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Ex Phys Exam 1
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| the study of how our bodies structures and functions are altered when we are exposed when we are exposed to acute and chronic exercise | exercise physiology |
| the founding laboratory in the field of exercise or "work" physiology | Harvard Fatigue Lab |
| Harvard Fatigue Lab was under the direction of | Dr DB Dill |
| ergometers are used to measure | work (work rate, power) |
| TRUE OR FALSE: in a longitudinal research study, participants are tested one or more times after initial testing to determine changes in a particular variable or variables over time | true |
| the connective tissues internal and external to skeletal muscle provide what form of energy | elastic |
| the thick filaments of a myofibril are composed mostly of | myosin |
| the smallest functional unit of a muscle | sarcomere |
| a single motor neuron and all of the muscle fibers that it innervates | motor unit |
| during a progressive increase in muscle force or power... | fast twitch motor units are recruited and motor units with small motor neurons are recruited first |
| an eccentric muscle contraction is one in which | the muscle lengthens as contractile force is generated |
| a muscle action in which the muscle generates force but does not change in length | isometric action |
| TRUE OR FALSE troponin and tropomyosin are structural elements within the thin myofilament | true |
| force is proportional to the number of ________________ | cross bridges formed |
| in the contraction of a muscle fiber, the joining of myosin and actin is termed a ___________ | cross-bridge formation |
| the movement of the myosin head is referred to as the | power stroke |
| TRUE OR FALSE: type IIX muscle fibers are best suited to utilize non-oxidative energy sources | true |
| TRUE OR FALSE: type I muscle fibers are best suited to utilize non-oxidative energy sources | false |
| determining the maximal number of times an individual can lift a weight representing 70% of his or her 1-RM would be an appropriate method for: assessing the individual's | muscle endurance |
| the maximal amount of force that a muscle or muscle group can generate | muscular strength |
| the 1-RM is a functional measure of | strength |
| the "pumped-up" state of a muscle immediately after a single intensive bout of resistance training is caused by | increased fluid accumulation in the muscle |
| muscle hypertrophy refers to | an increase in muscle size |
| the increase in strength that occurs with resistance training results from | hypertrophy of muscle, increased motor unit recruitment, synchronization |
| muscle fiber enlargement results from an increase in the number of ___________ within the cell | myofibrils |
| neural mechanisms that may help explain some of the strength gains from resistance training include all of the following | increased synchronization of motor unit activation, rate coding, decreased coactivation of agonists and antagonists |
| the muscle fiber hypertrophy that occurs with chronic resistance training appears to result from | a net increase in muscle protein synthesis |
| TRUE OR FALSE:evidence for muscle fiber hyperplasia is clear in mammalian species | true |
| TRUE OR FALSE: at present, evidence is clear that muscle fiber hyperplasia makes a significant contribution to whole muscle hypertrophy in humans | false |
| most research evidence indicates that training-induced whole-muscle hypertrophy in humans | results mainly from increases in the size of the individual muscle fibers |
| which of the following best describes the training adaptations exhibited by women compared to men when participating in identical resistance training programs | women experience similar relative gains in strength but smaller absolute gains in muscle mass |
| improvements in muscular endurance with training result from increases or changes in | muscular strength, local metabolism, local strength |
| all players invited to the NFL combine perform the bench press exercise with 225lbs. this is an example of | absolute stress |
| subjects performed three sets of 10 repetitions at 75% of 1RM. This is an example of | relative stress |
| the type of muscular contractions most likely to induce delayed-onset muscle soreness | eccentric |
| the most likely cause of delayed-onset muscle soreness appears to be | structural damage to the muscle cells |
| which of the following activities would result in the greatest degree of muscle soreness 24 to 48 hours after the exercise | running downhill at 6.0 mph, 10% grade |
| when training athletes for peak performance in various sports, the most important criterion of the success of the resistance training program is | the athlete's performance in his or her sport or event |
| exercises in which the speed of movement is controlled would be an example of which form of resistance training | isokinetic |
| TRUE OR FALSE: for most sport activities, muscular power is more important than absolute muscle strength | true |
| TRUE OR FALSE: in general, the neuromuscular system is not very responsive to training | false |
| TRUE OR FALSE: a reduction in coactivation of agonists and antagonists s one way in which neural factors may contribute to strength gains achieved with resistance training | true |
| TRUE OR FALSE: increases in muscular strength with resistance training are always associated with increased muscle size | false |
| according to lecture with resistance training, increases in muscle mass are largely a result of this contraction phase | eccentric |
| TRUE OR FALSE: according to lecture, "no pain no gain" | true |
| prolonged aerobic training has been shown to | increase the number of capillaries in trained muscles by as much as 15% |
| the factor that is responsible for the reddish appearance of slow-twitch muscle fibers in their high | myoglobin content |
| TRUE OR FALSE: endurance-trained muscles have oxidative enzyme activities that are greater than those seen in muscle of untrained subjects | true |
| list in order the structures increased as a result of chronically stimulating a muscles | capillaries, myoglobin, mitochondria |
| the logic behind the increases in the capillaries, myoglobin, mitochondria is to increase the use of _____ | oxygen |
| the logic behind the increases in the capillaries, myoglobin, mitochondria is to increase the use of oxygen to provide _____ for sustained repetitive muscle contraction | ATP |
| in response to a decrease in weight bearing, such as what might be seen during spaceflight, prolonged bedrest, and limbcasting, which 2 changes in muscle are most likely to occur | decrease in fiber CSA, increase in fast (type II) characteristics |
| as a result of limb casting, muscle will generate less ___________ and be more __________ | force, fatiguable |
| over a prolonged lifespan, muscle will change. in the elderly, which two changes in muscle are most likely to be observed | decrease in fiber CSA, decrease in fast (type II) characteristics |
| as a result of the changes described above, muscle will generate significantly less ______________ | power |
| TRUE OR FALSE; during moderate to high intensity exercise the body relies mostly on free fatty acids for fuel | false |
| what is true regarding the relative roles of fat, carbohydrate, and protein as energy sources for cellular metabolism | fat cannot provide all of the energy required for high-intensity muscular activity because the rate of energy release from fat is too slow |
| the primary storage form of CHO in the body is | muscle glycogen |
| the breakdown of glucose is termed | glycolysis |
| the breakdown of glycogen is termed | glycogenolysis |
| the formation of glucose from various substrates is | gluconeogensis |
| gluconeogenesis occurs primarily in the | liver |
| TRUE OR FALSE: glycolysis requires oxygen | false |
| pyruvate is formed in | cell cytosol |
| TRUE OR FALSE: the conversion of pyruvate to lactate is a result of a lack of oxygen | false |
| TRUE OR FALSE: the conversion of pyruvate to lactate does not require oxygen | true |
| during high intensity short-duration exercise (~2 minutes), ATP is generated almost exclusively from | carbohydrate |
| phosphocreatine is a high-energy phosphate compound that is used in the cell | to resynthesize ATP |
| Lactate is | a 3 carbon intermediary of carbohydrate metabolism, formed from pyruvate by the reversible action of lactate dehydrogenase, catalyzed by lactate dehydrogenase, a powerful metabolic acid, and a lower energy state than pyruvate |
| TRUE OR FALSE: according to the lactate shuttle hypothesis, lactate can be simultaneously formed and oxidized in the same muscle | true |
| according to the lactate shuttle hypothesis, lactate is formed in | active and inactive skeletal muscle |
| according to the cori cycle lactate is taken from the blood into the __________ | liver |
| according to the cori cycle, lactate is taken from the blood into the liver where it is converted into ______________ | glucose/glycogen |
| lactate is taken from the blood into the liver where it is converted into glucose/glycogen through the process known as | gluconeogenesis |
| a key player in the formation of lactate in the lactate shuttle hypothesis | epinephrine |
| in fast type muscle fibers, LDH favors what direction of the pyruvate-lactate reaction | pyruvate to lactate |
| as exercise intensity increases blood lactate levels increase. what is true? | muscle pH decreases, lactate of rate of appearance is increased, blood pH decreases |
| TRUE OR FALSE: according to lecture, training increases H-type LDH | true |
| TRUE OR FALSE: during prolonged exercise glucose is transported from inactive muscle to supply energy to active muscle | false |
| according to lecture, active muscle _________ lactate | |
| TRUE OR FALSE: the lactate shuttle and Cori cycle are synonymous | false |
| following training, the lactate threshold will | shift right |
| exercise physiology looks at how the body adapts physiologically to the ____________ and ____________ stresses of exercise | acute and chronic |
| TRUE OR FALSE: your professor argued that humans largely increase in efficiency with training | false |
| name the guiding principles of the Harvard Fatigue Lab | man as a machine; rate limiting step |
| according to lecture notes the most common units for work rate | kg-m/min |
| three primary properties of skeletal muscle are | force, velocity, and fatigue resistance |
| the structure unit below the level of a muscle fiber is known as | myofibril |
| what is unique about muscle fiber nuclei? | multinucleated or nuclear domain |
| the subcellular organelle is often termed the cellular powerhouse | mitochondria |
| the important action of the myosin head is to function as an _________ which varies from one fiber type to another | enzyme |
| the hinge region of the myosin molecule | myosin heavy chain |
| the myosin heavy chain regulates the speed of the | power stroke |
| name the two principles that relate to varying work of a muscle through motor unit recruitment | size principle and all-or-none principle |
| TRUE OR FALSE: increased force production in humans always results in increased speed of movement | false |
| aging results in a loss in muscle power for two anatomical reasons, which are? | decreased CSA/mass/fiber size; decreased fast twitch/increased slow twitch |
| during typical resistance exercise, which phase of contraction yields the greatest muscle force? | concentric |
| during typical resistance exercise, which phase of contraction is most likely to result in focal muscle damage | eccentric |
| following a severe spinal cord injury muscle is smaller in CSA, and _______________ fibers are increased in % | fast, type II |
| metabolic pathways are focused on the formation of this specific form of energy | ATP |
| the net yield in terms of ATP from non-oxidative metabolism | 2 |
| the metabolic intermediate that is the common enetry of both fat and carbohydrate metabolism is | acetyl-coA |
| the potential energy derived from the Kreb's cycle is contained in these two compounds | NADH and FADH2 |
| measurement of oxygen consumption is used in this technique to measure energy expenditure | indirect calorimetry |
| the complete catabolism of a C-C bond yields energy and | CO2 |
Created by:
elyk01