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| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| 1970s: What was hot | -The Doors (until Jim Morrison died in 1971) -Barbara Walters -Disco! -The Ford Mustang |
| Which show really invented morning TV | The Today Show |
| Munich Olympics | -Sept 5, 1972 -Olympics were being held in Germany for the first time since Hitler -There was a terrorist attack by Palestinians (Black September) on the Israeli team -Held 11 hostages (all killed- "They're all gone, they're all gone." |
| What president launched an all-out assault on network TV? Who made the attack on his behalf? | -Nov. 13, 1969 -Nixon through Spiro Agnew -networks gave him a half-hour and the attack was the first of many he made |
| What network anchor spoke out against Agnew and lost his job for a while because of it? | -Frank Reynolds, ABC evening co-anchor -he also covered the assassination attempt on President Reagan |
| Did President Nixon conspire to discredit the press? | -his former speech-writer says "yes" |
| What brought VP Agnew down? | tax evasion. lolololol then he resigned. |
| What ultimately brought Nixon down? | Watergate |
| What news media took the lead in Watergate coverage? | -WAPO -Woodward and Bernstein unraveled the whole thing --> secondarily, CBS through 2 lengthy summaries on Cronkite's newscasts -Newseum called it one of the news stories of the century |
| NIXON RESIGNS | August 9, 1974 (made the announcement on Aug 8 that he would "resign the presidency effective at noon tomorrow." |
| April 29, 1975 | -Vietnam War ended with the fall of Saigon -8 months into Gerald Ford's presidency |
| How does Bliss say radio and television (not to mention the internet) have changed the political process? | "Both media allow politicians to address the voters directly, bypassing the press." -enhanced state primaries -dethroned city bosses -made the national conventions ceremonial rubber stamping candidates rather than selecting them |
| Robert Kennedy about the importance of TV: | he would rather have "30 seconds on an evening news program than coverage in every newspaper in the world." |
| Bliss believed TV cameras turned candidates into: | actors, staging powerful photo-ops that reinforce the images they are trying to convey |
| What TV hearings taught politicians how much TV exposure could help them? | -1951 -Senate Crime Committee hearings on ABC turned Senator Estes Kefauver into a contender for the Democratic presidential nom. |
| What TV moment helped to get Eisenhower elected? | -1952 -we were about to go into another war, and he announced that in search of peace, "I shall go to Korea." |
| Computers replaced adding machines in calculating elections returns in... | -1962 -the networks AP and UPI agreed to pool the raw vote through N-E-S, the News Election Service |
| How did the networks project votes earlier? | - -also used exit polling of people who had just voted |
| What controversial move did NBC make in the 1964 election? | Declared Lyndon Johnson the winner four hours before polls closed in CA |
| What controversial ad helped Johnson with the election? | -The Daisy ad -v. Barry Goldwater's "We will bury you." -(gloves were off this time around) |
| First president to concede defeat based on a network projection was: | -1980 -Jimmy Carter, conceded following NBC's projection of Reagan's victory |
| The Killer Rabbit | -former President Carter -explains what happened leading to one photo that, in all likelihood, he wished had never been taken |
| The evolution of the Presidential Press Conference: | -1913, Woodrow Wilson held the first regular news conferences- but abandoned them during WWI |
| Presidential Press Conferences: 1940s | Franklin Roosevelt -sat down before press entered -no direct quotes- plausible deniability |
| Presidential Press Conferences: May 24, 1951 | Truman -Allowed CBS to play some over the radio news, which was a first |
| Presidential Press Conferences: 1950s | Eisenhower -allowed direct quotes -press conferences were filmed, but the White House reserved the right to edit the film prior to release |
| What First demonstrated TV's political potential? | 1952, Eisenhower as GOP nominee -running mate Nixon responded to financial impropriety in the Checkers speech |
| The Checkers speech: | Nixon as VP, 1952 -comes off unapologetic, there's a fine line between warm and apologetic and what he was. Nixon just wasn't warm -dog reference humanized him to a certain extent -not so much human connection. |
| Scopes "Monkey" Trial | -1925 -Dayton, TN -Prosecution: State of TEN -Defendant: John Scopes, a high school science teacher, who broke the Butler Act, saying that you can't teach evolution in public schools |
| Scopes: -Defense | ACLU involved in the defense of the case, sought to defend Scopes by saying the law was unconstitutional. because there was no doubt that John Scopes was teaching evolution |
| William Jennings Bryan | -he had been a progressive force in the Democratic Party -3-time presidential candidate -supported women's suffrage, championed the rights of farmers and laborers |
| Bryan & beliefs | -as a young man, uncertain about origins of man, but later believed Darwin's theory led to hate and ills with society -believed religion and politics were inextricably linked. Without religion there could be no desire to change in a positive way |
| Clarence Darrow | -known for defending strikers, labor leaders and anarchists -most famous trial attorney in America -strongly opposed Bryan's religious views -agnostic and very opposed to revealed religion |
| Famous Scopes Trial scene that turned it around- | Darrow was famous for summoning Bryan to the stand and questioning him on his biblical literalism: "Where did Cain get his wife?" "Did Jonah really get swallowed by a whale?" |
| Scopes Newspaper Coverage | -more than 200 newspaper reporters from all over the country and even 2 from London came to Dayton to cover the case -front pages of major newspapers were covered -international newspapers, too |
| Who named the Scopes Trial the "Monkey Trial"? | -HL Mencken, Baltimore Sun -his syndicated columns were highly offense in calling the town's inhabitants "yokels," "primates," "morons" -called the town a universal joke, no gambling, no place to dance, he wrote -got Darrow to volunteer for case |
| Analysis of Scopes Newspaper Coverage: Jeffrey Moran | -As Jeffrey Moran points out, "it sort of stamped these people as these hillbilly hicks who drank moonshine and came into the town with shotguns over their shoulders." |
| Analysis of Scopes Newspaper Coverage- Fleming | -Fleming points out that newspapers "pitted the two extreme positions of science and religion against each other as if they were mutually exclusive." |
| Overall Analysis of Scopes Newspaper Coverage | -extremely polarized, less moderate positions |
| Scopes: impact of publicity | -extreme pro-evolution voices -extreme anti-evolution voices --> his thoughts: needed more moderate views of the relationships between science and religion. It's a complex history |
| Radio Coverage | -this case was the first to be broadcast in the US on national radio by Chicago's WGN radio station |
| Courtroom Setup | WGN radio had received the right to rearrange the way the courtroom was set up. they literally could control where the jury, spectators, prosecution, etc were. - -interest in the trial was so high that WGN began covering it nonstop |
| Who was WGN's radio announcer: | Quinn Ryan |
| Result of the Trial | -Scopes was found guilty -verdict was later overturned on a technicality: jury should have decided the fine, not judge -In 1968, the SC ruled in Epperson v. Arkansas that such bans like the Butler Act contravene the Establishment Clause of the 1st Am. |
| Political Cartoons, Scopes | |
| History of the Ed Sullivan Show | -aired from 1948-1971 on CBS -Studio 50 -Originally called The Toast of the Town -part of vaudeo genre |
| Was Ed Sullivan a natural for TV? | -no. -pasty, shifty -but ironically this awkwardness made him popular |
| Ed's greatest talent? | Talent scout. -the show appealed to all audience, everything for everybody. watching it became a ritual |
| When was The Toast of the Town changed to The Ed Sullivan Show? | 1955 |
| Who was the first artist to break the record? | Elvis, 1956 -notice the format of his performance: the star in front, the other guys in back -Beatles beat this with 73 million people viewing |
| Background on the Beatles | -Began when John Lennon's skiffle band, the Quarry Men, invited Paul McCartney to play with them -Paul then invited George Harrison -Ringo Starr joined when the Beatles started recording |
| Release of "Please, Please Me" | -flopped in the US, but the whole album was a huge success -massive reception when they came to the US -documentary focused on spontaneous interviews |
| How many directions did the cameramen hear during the performance itself? | none -you couldn't hear over the screaming -so made noise-cancelling headphones the standard after that |
| The excitement and the frenzy | -umm, like, excessive -pulled a girl out of the air duct -73 million Americans tuned in |
| "Beatlemania" | -Beatle wigs, Beatle cards, instruments, gum, posters, etc. -hysteria surrounding anything related to them -music merch and marketing began in a new world of bands -networks and shows learned that mustic on TV brought massive profits |
| The Beatles on the Ed Sullivan Show was... | "the night when what we think of as the '60s was born" |
| Why did Americans respond like this to the Beatles | -release from the Great Depression, WWII, the Cold War, constant bomb scares, Korea, the Cuban Missile Crisis, JFK assassination -young people saw the past decades' events, and the Beatles symbolized youth power -helped along b/c parents hated them |
| Beatles were lighthearted after years of conflict | -did humorous movies, cartoons, good with media, joking around |
| The Beatles legacy: | -Paul and Ringo performed at the Grammy tribute to the Beatles and Ed Sullivan -50 years from their Feb 9, 1964 performance |
| Bay of Pigs Invasion: Radio Coverage | -CBS: Stuart Novins' April 6 report -"Preparations are underway" -not a lot of information put out -people started reporting that there was chatter -some before Jan., after April, but non between |
| Radio Swan | -CIA-controlled station on a Caribbean island, Swan Island -anti-Commie propaganda for Cuba to possible incite a rebellion within, so when Cubans came to US, they'd be super in to it |
| "The Moon is Red" | -Cuban refugees were on the island -6 months of radio propaganda in Cuba over Radio Swan and other Cuban stations |
| Newspaper Coverage, BoPI | some pre-invasion coverage -The Nation (first coverage) -NY Herald Tribune -Time Magazine -NYTimes -WAPO -Miami Herald |
| Censorship in Newspaper Coverage: BoPI | -Ted Szulc -references to CIA involvement removed -still reported inaccurate info because there were some things that they just didn't know -reports were an interesting mix of getting it surprisingly right to really just wrong. super confusing. |
| TV Coverage: BoPI | same sort of coverage as newspapers and radios -some truth, but many inaccuracies -though not a lot of coverage before, pretty much all sources did after |
| Newsreels, BoPI | April 19 -US is spouting that they had nothing to do with the invasion, its wasn't us at all. |
| Chet Huntley's analysis | Held a special even years after to try to explain, but it's just uber confusing -1964 (-the invasion happened April 17, 1961) |
| Impact of the Coverage BoPI | -not very widespread, so not many knew about it beforehand...except for the Cubans... -a lot of false information caused fear |
| JFK to NYTimes | -"If you had printed more about the operation, you would have saved us from a colossal mistake -"I wish you had run everything on Cuba...I am just sorry that you didn't tell it at the time." |
| New Technology BoPI | -TK-12: RCA's first new camera designed in 8 years -Color TV was adopted -transistor radios were popular -one year before satellite TV |
| Changes in Procedures after covering the Invasion | -BoPI occurred when reporters were more likely to comply with the govt in terms of censorship. they were merely asked to censor, and they patriotically did. -just a few years later during the Vietnam War, reporters were trying to expose govt |
| Bay of Pigs Invasion | April 17, 1961 |
| Presidents used by TV: Nixon | systematize the use of TV -photogenic op before noon -one event per day -worked well for a while for his political advantage |
| protests against Vietnam | -outside events working against him -sent Agnew out to attack the networks -which was a bad call. -Nixon's press sec made a rule, "never blame the press." |
| TV coverage of Watergate hearings ended his presidency | -WAPO was ahead of the story, every other paper was behind on it -wire services were dragging their feet on coverage -only CBS made an effort on Oct. 27, 1972 a week before the election --> trying to pull together the story |
| After Nixon's reelection... | ...networks did very little. |
| Cameras turned on during the Watergate hearings | -absolutely killed him. |
| Impeachment hearings: July 1974 | TELEVISED. -"Therefore I shall resign the presidency effective at noon tomorrow." |
| GET THE INFO FROM MY PRESENTATION | |
| How US got involved in Vietnam | -French unsuccessful in attempting to get Vietnam -US concerned about spread of Communism from N.Viet ("domino effect") |
| When did US full-scale involvement come and why? | -1964 -Gulf of Tonkin Incident |
| Gulf of Tonkin Incident | -1964 -where the Maddox and C. Turner Joy were supposedly attacked by 3 Vietnamese Torpedo boats |
| Coverage of the War | Vietnam was first war that received full scale TV coverage -several of images were graphic |
| what happened as a result of the complete coverage? | skepticism of the war grew |
| Cronkite/Johnson showdown | -after visiting Vietnam, Cronkite gave an on-air commentary, which was very rare (esp. as Cronkite was so impartial always) -HUGE blow to Johnson "If I've lost Cronkite, I've lost the country" --> let to LBJ deciding to not seek another term |
| 1968 Democratic Nation Convention | -CRAZY -Dems faced uphill battle since LBJ wasn't running and Robert Kennedy had been assassinated |
| Chaos of the Convention | -Chicago mayor Richard Daley was anticipating antiwar demonstrators and called the national guard -CHAOS. -they ended up nominating Hubert Humphrey and unpopular candidate , which may have contributed to Nixon's win |
| Daley's rules for reporters at the Convention | -news vans could not park in the city -no live reports could be conducted from outside, for fear of airing the protests -when Dan Rather tried to get in, he got hit. lolololol |
| Kent State | -protests on college campuses escalated after Nixon's decision to invade Cambodia in 1970 -3000 protestors at Kent State 3/4/70 -Ntl Guard called, after several scuffles, they began shooting and killed 4 students |
| March on Washington 1970 | |
| Aftermath: | -Saigon fell April 1975 -more than 58,000 Am. soldiers died -created an adversarial relationship between the press and the WH |
| According to Ed Bliss, what ruined relations with govt and media? | "Together with Watergate, [Vietnam] poisoned media-government relations." |
| Jonestown Massacre | a thousand people died in this cult. |
| People's Temple | -Jim Jones, founder -located in Indianapolis initially --> then San Fran --> Jonestown, Guyana -Diverse population of people, seeking to escape racial and social prejudice |
| Jim Jones | -self-proclaimed healer, pastor, and atheist -preached socialistic communism |
| Congressman Leo Ryan | -visited Jonestown with a group of advisors and journalists in response to the concerns of many Californian constituents |
| They thought everything was fine, but... | then people started slipping them notes saying, "help us, we want to leave,but we think we'll be killed if we try." -Ryan gets stabbed -so they get the hell out of there with 12 who wanted to leave |
| How it all culminated in disaster | -cyanide mixed with Kool-Aid killed 909 residents -willingly, for the most part -some who resisted were shot -Jones was shot, possibly by an assistant -33 escaped into the jungle |
| Close, but not close enough | -Jones sent gunmen to the airstrip where they shot Ryan and most of his entourage |
| Also killed at the airstrip: | -Don Harris, NBC Reporter -Bob Brown, NBC video operator -Greg Robinson, San Fransisco Examiner photographer |
| Jonestown Coverage | -AP News alerts came in non-stop Saturday, Nov. 18 -First reports were from small radio stations -NBC's broadcast was personal, loss of co-workers -All TV networks focused on personal stories, local angle on intl news |
| Diversity in reports | -black men: Bernad Shaw, Max Robinson -woman: Jessica Savitch --> ironic because the Jonestown people were trying to escape unfair lives and stuff, but here we are with the diversity in reports |
| Coverage of the airstrip shootings | -footage gathered by NBC video operator, Bob Brown, just until he was shot |
| Technological Advances | -Electronic News Gathering (ENG) available -Satellite News Gathering (SNG) developing -2 more years before 24-hour news (incredibly fast coverage at that time, would seem painfully slow today) |
| ENG | -allowed reporters to carry small, light cameras and cassette packs or travel |
| SNG | allowed journalists to produce reports faster than ever |
| The Death Tape | nobody really knows how it happened, but one member present for the suicide was able to capture Jim Jones' entire speech on a tape recording |
| Iranian Revolution Background | President Carter and long-standing diplomatic conflict with the nation of Iran -Carter took office in 1976 with big ideas about foreign policy, making it something to be proud of again, but Iran worsened relations |
| Nov. 4, 1979 | -Over 500 Iranian students in support of the rev. overran the Am. embassy in Tehran, taking 66 Am. diplomats and citizens captive -citizens wanted the shah back (Khomeini was leading the rev, and with his support of the hostage-taking, it got out of hand |
| Who was able to get coverage of the embassy? | Bob Dyke |
| Nov. 7, 1979 | Carter sends a personal convoy to speak with Khomeini to ask for the release of the hostages -hoping to negotiate, but Khomeini refused to meet with them. |
| Carter's response: | -NATIONAL EMERGENCY -halts import of oil, expels Iranians from US, freezes Iranian assets -assoc. himself with blame to protest the hostages |
| Carter kinda began the whole crisis in what way? | in a speech to the national and international media, which really lessened the control that the administration had on the story |
| Argo | -...the movie -6 diplomats managed to escape out a back door and took refuge at the Canadian Embassy |
| April 11, 1980: | -Desert One -"The media's very public quest for answers and demand for progress reduced room for maneuvering on all sides and, at the same time, exerted considerable pressure on the administration to act." -Donette Murray, US Foreign Policy and Iran |
| Jan. 20, 1981 | -Minutes after Reagan was sworn in as president, an agreement was met to release the hostages back into American custody -Former President Carter went to Germany to meet the hostages in person |
| Birth of Nightline | -ABC -Ted Copple -Originally "The Iran Crisis- America Held Hostage: Day XXX" -gives a lot of background info and the deeper, underlying issues of the crisis |
| Coverage of the Crisis (Historian, Gaddis Smith) | "From the moment the hostages were seized until they were released...444 days later, the crisis absorbed more concentrated effort by the American officials and hd more extensive coverage on the television and in the press than any other event since WWII." |
| Princess Diana | -Diana Spencer married Prince Charles at age 19 -1981 -she came from very little, but people were drawn to her |
| "Fairytale Wedding" | -750 million people tuned in -"The event of the century" -umm the dress's train was 25 feet long... -it was a very troubled marriage, separated in 1992 |
| Dynasty Di | -her inner circle included Elton John and Versace -she used her celebrity to great affect -people related to her b/c she was a mom, tried to lead a normal life with her sons |
| Philanthropist | -using the media to her advantage -championed a lot of unpopular causes (AIDS, leprosy) -walking through landmines in Angola (which kinda led to the Treaty of Ottowa which ended the use of landmines to target people) |
| August 1997 | -vacationing in France with her boyfriend Dodi Fayed -not hiding from the media |
| August 31 | Paparazzi outside of the Ritz Carlton, so they were trying to find a way to avoid them -black Mercedes crashed |
| After the crash: | -a doctor happened to be going by -paparazzi found out, flashing bulbs and the doctor couldn't really see what he was doing -took 37 minutes to get her into the ambulance |
| Henri Paul | -driver -BAC 2 times the legal limit? But in prior hotel footage, he looked sober... |
| Photographers arrested | -7 photographers -charged with voluntary manslaughter |
| How did Diana's death change public perception of the media? | -murderers |
| How much did The Sun pay photographers for pictures of the crash? | 300,000 pounds = $500,000 |
| Covers of magazines the next day | -"Goodnight Our Sweet Princess" -"The Saddest Homecoming" -"Diana Dies After Paris Car Crash" |
| How many people watched the BBC broadcast that reported her death? | half a billion |
| Memorial | -2.5 billion people tuned in to watch the funeral -Earl Spencer said the media had hunted her in life and hunted her to death -suicide rates increased by 17% in England |
| The conspiracies... | -"Diana Killed by British Assassins" -"They're planning 'an accident' in my car so Charles can marry again" |
| Investigations into it cost... | $7 million -"...no conspiracy to murder any occupants of that car. This was a tragic accident" |
| ultimate fate of the paparazzi | -cleared -no photos of the car entering the tunnel, which indicates that they were not chasing the car |
| Baby Jessica: What happened? | -Oct. 14, 1987 -around 9:30 am, mom went inside to answer the phone -she fell 22 feet down a well shaft -down there for 58 hours -anonymous little girl to national fame |
| Cissy McClure (mom): | "I didn't know what to do. I just ran in and called the police." |
| Bobby Jo Hall (local police): | "I called the baby's name three or four times and didn't hear anything. Finally I got a cry in response" -lowered oxygen into the well and kept her singing, crying -detemined couldn't go down the shaft, so they would have to go to the side and over |
| The Rescue | -First-City Backhoe that tore through 2-3 feet of dirt -Second- rat-hold rig -flew in David Lilly, Investigator for U.S. Mine Safety and Health Admin. -used a jackhammer, but too slow -A TN company offered equip. |
| David Lilly, Investigator for the U.S. Mine Safety and Health Admin. | "But I've never seen anything like this in my life" |
| Oct. 16, 1987 | -drillers could see her leg from the drilled shaft -paramedics Steve Forbes and Robert O'Donnell were lowered in -used petroleum jelly to maneuver her out |
| Aftermath of Baby Jessica | -lost 3 pounds, broken foot, rushed to the hospital |
| News Coverage of Baby Jessica | -widely spread among audiences and types of media -ABC, NBC, CBS all interrupted their prime-time shows to show the final minutes -hundred of newspapers covered |
| Who owned the Baby Jessica story? | CNN -only 24-hour news source available at the time -everyone wanted to follow it minute-by-minute -one of the starting points of the 24-hour news cycle that we have today |
| Photography | won a Pulitzer for spot news photography |
| Legacy of Baby Jessica | -became a well-known face -visited with President GHW Bush at the White House -dramatization: "Everybody's Baby" |
| The Concrete Jungle Rodney King | -troubled past -lost his father and had a daughter when a teenager -served a year in prison after robbing a convenience store |
| March 3, 1991 | King and 2 passengers were traveling fast on the Foothill Freeway in LA/San Fernando Valley when a CHP clocked their speed at over 100 mph -intoxicated and fled because otherwise would've broken parole |
| Amateur footage... Maybe someone will see it? | During interviews, he explained that he chose that intersection because it was well lit -he knew of corruption in the LAPD |
| Citizen Journalism | Were it not for George Holliday to record it, we never would have known it |
| How much did the footage go for? | $500 to the local news station |
| To make matters worse... | with racial tensions high after the beating, because known nationwide -Latasha Harlins, 15-yr-old AfAm was shot and kiled by a Korean-American store owner who thought Harlins was trying to steal from her |
| Officers Indicted | -Stacey Koon - - |
| Media Manipulation | -outlets of every major network played it -yet they failed to substantiate the footage with context -rather they just broadcast the frames that showed the most egregious acts of police aggression -been retrospectively criticized |
| A Tale of Two Cases | -To find an unprejudiced jury the trial was relocated to a predominantly white community, Simi Valley. -No black jurors and all 4 officers acquitted -Second case, fixed and officers indicted |
| Wrong Place, Wrong TIme | Reginald Denny pulled from his 18-wheeler -beaten nearly to death by 4 suspects -caught on video by a traffic camera |
| Police brutality and gang membership were staples in Hip Hop lyrics | NWA Ice Cube |
| Picking up the pieces | after 6 days of rioting the military was sent in |
| As for the LAPD | -new system allowing 5-yr term for chief -caucasian officers minority to correlate with demographic trends -inspector general created -baton use minimal -"use of force" investigated |
| The Waco Siege | The media as active participants |
| Branch Davidians | -former seventh-day adventist |
| David Koresh (Vernon Howell) | -4th prophet -Book of Revelations and "Army of God" to prep for the apocalypse -weapons stockpiling (legally obtained b/c a guy was licensed) |
| "The Sinful Messiah" | -Waco Tribune-Herald -reporters Mark England and Darlene McCormick -3 part-series -1st part published Feb 27, 1993 -cult stereotyping and unethical tactics |
| ATF Raid (Alcohol, Tobacco and Firearms) | -Feb 28, 1993 -after published article (had asked to be delayed b/c ATF wanted to serve some warrants...) |
| Koresh Tipped Off | -press looking for the place, ended up accidentally asking of one Koresh's brothers in law |
| Gun battle | -4 ATF killed, 16 wounded -6 Branch Davidians killed -though the compound had the weapons legally, some had been modified to illegal standards |
| FBI takes over | -cuts Branch Davidian Communication -push reporters back -seal court documents |
| Negotiations | -51 days -failed attempt |
| Koresh and publicity | -Koresh wanted to spread his message via the press, so he wanted them there -FBI press releases |
| Branch Davidian Banners | -"God Help Us. We Want the Press" -"FBI Broke Negotiations. We Want Press." |
| Final Siege | -April 9, 1993 -Tear Gas -3 Fires Break Out -76 Branch Davidians killed |
| Media as an Actor | -Gave Koresh publicity -angered Koresh -tipped him off to raid -provided Koresh with FBI strategies -prison murder -confirm apocalypse (if handled diff, diff end?) |
| Media in the Aftermath? | -lots after because limited during it -cut off outside comm during standoff -Made Mt. Carmel compound out to be a horrible place of unhappy people, but it really wasn't. People were happy there. They were generally well-liked people. |
| Oklahoma City Bombing | -Timothy McVeigh -Murrah Federal Building -168 killed -revenge for government actions during the Waco Siege |
| Fall of the Berlin Wall | -symbolic end of the Cold War |
| Cold War | -began when the shooting stopped in Europe at the end of WWII -US and USSR went from allies to adversaries -East v West/ Comm v Democracy antagonism returned |
| The Wall | built because America prevailed in the first post-Cold War confrontation -Cold War began in a divided city- in a divided country overseen by conquerors |
| Germany at the end of WWII | -had the hell bombed out of it -map pretty much got redrawn -Berlin was deep inside the Soviet zone (what was one country ultimately became two) -Airport in American sector of Berlin |
| Berlin 1945 | -first Cold War "battle" began when the Soviets sealed off the highway and railroad to West Berlin, turning it into an island surrounded by Commies. -not even food could get in |
| US choices once berlin was cut off- | 1) leave 2) use military force 3) find a way around the blockade -this is what Truman chose |
| Berlin Airlift | flying planes to carry food, carry supplies -kept West Berlin alive -kept Western presence in middle of East Germany, providing and escape for people fleeing |
| The Candybomber of the UN airlift | for the Berlin children -Gail Halvorsen |
| What prompted the building of the Berlin Wall? | -when people were escaping to the Western presence in East Germany, a brain drain was created (smart people getting the hell out) -1961, prompted the Wall |
| What sparked a crisis for Kennedy | -Berlin had become the focal point for the Cold War, and Kennedy knew it. -newsreels in the movie theaters, and people would see these sad stories from Berlin |
| The end of the Wall | -it ultimately didn't stop all of the escapes -30 years after it was built, German citizens tore it down -news broadcasts didn't just cover the _____ -and news broadcasts brought the end of the Wall into the homes of people around the world |
| OJ Simpson Trial | -"A Great Trash Novel Come to Life" |
| Life before 1994 | -won the Heisman in 1968 -first pick in the 1969 NFL Draft -Played 11 season in the NFL -known for being a Hertz Rental Car Salesman -married Nicole Brown in 1985 |
| Quick Facts about the Case | -January 1995 until Oct. 3, 1995 -CA Superior Court in LA -Tried on 2 accounts of murder |
| June 12, 1994 | -Nicole Simpson and Ronald Goldman were found dead at her home by a neighbor -OJ flew to Chicago the same night -Evidence was found at his house |
| The evidence: | -Bloodstains on his white Bronco -blood on the driveway -a matching glove found at the scene |
| And the media coverage begins | -iconic car chase of the white Bronco -by this time the media had been alerted -this was the most widely viewed impromptu event in TV history, only one to come close was the moon landing |
| The Pivotal Moment | -over 1 million people tuned in to watch -OJ and the glove |
| OJ and the glove | -IT DIDN'T FIT -it was too tight for his hand -"If it doesn't fit, you must acquit." |
| Cochran was accused of tampering with the evidence. | -accused of taking out the lining -but it was never really followed up |
| The verdict | -Oct. 2, 1995 -it was one of the most watched events of the time -142 million people watching, 91% of people watching TV at the time -NOT GUILTY (umm how? all signs pointed to it...) |
| Media coverage of the trial | -2000 reporters covered the trial -121 video feeds were snaked out of the courtroom -19 TV stations including CNN and all 3 networks -23 magazines and newspapers (LA Times published 1000 articles) |
| Robert Kardashian. | -one of the lawyers -"OJ Simpson brought us the Kardashians? Gosh. It's the gift that keeps on giving." -Prof. Cupp. |
| Pan Am Flight 103 | -the largest terrorist attack before 9/11 |
| Where it began | -Frankfurt, Germany -There was a bomb hidden in a tape recorder loaded into a Samsonite |
| Next Stop... | -London -transferred to Heathrow -bound for JFK |
| And then over... | -Lockerbie, Scotland -it exploded in the air a little after 7 pm on Dec. 21, 1988 -Lockerbie is a very small town, and the debris pretty much destroyed it |
| Intended destination: | JFK, NYC |
| People affected: | -11 people on the ground killed -270 passengers and crew (-including 35 Syracuse students) |
| PanAm didn't want to give a press conference | -they told reporters that they would, but then they didn't -so reporters ended up turning to the parents at the airport because they were being pressed for stories |
| Journalism Ethics | -journalists seemed to have forgotten ethics when covering the event |
| Where the media went wrong | -a mom coming to pick up her daughter -goes to the bathroom, goes up to the desk, learns, reporters were around and got the reaction -she later gets in the taxi to go home, and her picture is on the Daily News. |
| The bomb | -at first thought to be structural failure until Dec. 28 -gov't released that it was a bomb -found a piece of shirt that had a timer fused to it -CIA official was looking at it, and it looked like another bomb found -Samsonite was unaccompanied |
| Technologies | -cell phones were starting to get off the ground -in Lockerbie, landlines became blocked, so reporters who had cell phones could call their stations |
| Satellites & Technology | -live feeds from Lockerbie and JFK -issue: live shots were impossible from crash sight because of the craters |
| Change in Procedures | -can't take an unaccompanied suitcase onto a plane -a presidential commission was formed (How did this bomb end up on the plane?) -pre-flight screening of passengers -modern x-ray technologies at JFK and Heathrow |
| Civil suit against PanAm, paid $630,000 | -lots of backlash because of lax security that ultimately got the bomb on the plane |
| Columbine Massacre The Shooters | -Dylan Klebold, 17 -Eric Harris, 18 |
| Arms used in the attack | -2 TEC-DC9 assault pistols, a Hi-Point model 995 Carbine rifle, 2 Savage sawed-off shotguns and various knives |
| The victims | 13 -1 teacher -12 students, mostly in the library |
| Before the shooting | -both had previously been involved with the law -In January 1998, stole stuff and went to a juvie diversion program |
| The massacre. | -April 20, 1999 |
| came to school with duffel bags | -filled with explosives -also plant two propane bombs in the cafeteria |
| 11:19 | first calls of an explosion, which was actually a diversion -shooting began around this time |
| 11:24 | Dave Sanders, a teacher, tells students to get under tables in the cafeteria. -Patti Nelson thinks the guns are fake, but then sees the glass shatter |
| The library | -Nielson, 2 other teachers, 52 students -11:29, enter library, Harris demand the "white hats" (jocks) stand up, nobody does, starts shooting randomly. shot 21, killing 11 -they then shot themselves |
| Dave Sanders | Dave Sanders directs students to second floor, he's shot near the library around 11:27 in the science classroom |
| The boy in the window | -Patrick Ireland, 17, shot in the library -shot 3 times, twice in the head and once in the foot -paralyzed in his right side -escaped as SWAT helped him out a second-story window -ABC was the only one to get it live |
| What did networks like NBC, ABC, CBS do wrong | -put live calls from students on the air -student Bob Sapin wasn't really a students at all. -Jonathan Ladd was a real student, but revealed on-air that there were people hiding in the choir room, while erryone is unsure if shooters at large |
| other questionable mistakes? | -put Klebold and Harris' names on TV before they were confirmed as the shooters...and misidentifies Harris -They used the yearbook photo of a student named Ryan Snyder by accident |
| news stations wanted to help Americans understand why Klebold and Harris would do this. Experts said: | -violence in the entertainment industry -the social hierarchy of the high school -not enough gun control -involvement with the trench coat mafia |
| Marilyn Manson and Columbine | -experts blaming violent lyrics in music and violent in video games/movies -Denver's Citizens for Peace and Respect Group said artists like Manson and Eminem shouldn't be allowed in Littleton again -Manson cancelled the end of his tour, including Denver |
| Social Hierarchy at Columbine | -many said Klebold and Harris weren't popular at Columbine -Harris reportedly asked for the "white hats" in the library to stand up |
| President Clinton on Columbine | -issued a statement -in April 2000, Clinton campaigned for stricter gun control laws -the president had already signed the Brady handgun violence prevention act in 1994 |
| Electoral Votes election 2000 | Bush: 271 Gore: 266 |
| Gore lost by an official count of: | 537 votes in FL |
| Effects of the First Wrong Call | -polls closed at 8 EST on the western part of the state (FL), potentially suppressed voter turnout in that area -other voters in western states saw the incorrect call, potentially affecting their intentions to vote |
| Effects of the Second Wrong Call | -Al Gore concedes -newspapers print false stories and headlines -NYTimes, USA Today, Miami Herald -Many American went to sleep because it was 2:00 EST |
| How elections are predicted | -most networks have a "Decision Desk" -Get info from the Voter News Service -first get exit polls, then actual vote tabulations -sometimes VNS makes a call first, sometimes network -use sampling to make the call |
| Making a projection | -In Florida there are 5,885 precincts -in 2000 election, 120 chosen as samples - - |
| Issues of election reporting | -the race to be first v. accuracy of the report -copycatting v. independent analysis (-a lot of times the networks will see that another network has made a call, then they'll push their analysts to make that call) |
| Who did what? | -CBS made 15 first calls, including first the withdrawl FL for Bush -Fox had 8 NBC 7 ABC 2 |
| Gore Call -what happened? | -poor estimate of absentee ballots -sampling error -past race comparison -distortion in exit polls cause by timing |
| Bush Call -what happened? | -data errors in tabulated vote count from Gore-leaning counties -error in the VNS model -(faulty chip had taken votes from Gore and given some to Bush) |
| How to fix it: | -senior exec to head the "Decision Desk" -move the DD into the studio -id closest races before, toughen criteria to make a call -"leaning" category -strengthen info gathering in close states -no call until polls close -full disclosure with viewer |
| 9/11 NYC What happened | -19 militants assoc. with Islamic extremist group al-Qaeda boarded four American flights -American airlines flight 11 traveling from Boston to LA carrying 92 passengers, United Flight 175 |
| American Airlines Flight 11 | -8:24, one of the hijackers on Flight 11 makes two accidental transmissions with the ground -8:40 FAA alerts NORAD and NEADS of a possible hijacking |
| Firsthand account | nobody knew what was going on, so all that could be done was to ask firsthand |
| United Flight 175 | -approx 8:44 -8:51 flight controller notices that Flight175 has changed its transponder code twice -8:52 Peter Hansen, a passenger, calls his father Lee Hansen - - |
| Second plane hits | - |
| What happened next | -after the first plan hit, people in the North Tower began jumping -when the second plane hit, people in the south tower began to jump, too. |
| How many people were estimated to have jumped | -over 200 people -videos were played on the news |
| Next | 9:59- South tower collapses 10:28- North Tower collapses -approx 3000 people died including people in the buildings and fire fighters |
| What about the media: | -many called this a present-day "Pearl Harbor" |
| difference between 9/11 and Pearl Harbor | -news of Pearl Harbor took over 3 hours to reach the mainland, this was known immediately |
| networks and viewers | -so many viewers, comparable to assass. of JFK -all 4 major networks provide 90 hours of nonstop coverage. more than for JFK assass. and first Iraq war -news ticker became a thing |
| Bush: | -abundance of coverage of planes hitting the Twin Towers, collapse and people falling caused a surge of patriotism and Bush's approval to soar |
| culture: | -divides widen |
| Neutrality | -all major news networks (EXCEPT Fox) tried to remain neutral and didn't allow their anchors to wear flag pins or ribbons. |
| Media today, after 9/11 | -heavier focus on international issues -harder lines drawn between left and right leaning networks |
| 9/11 Washington, DC & United Flight 93 Background | -DC and Somerset, PA -Who/What: 19 men trained by al-Qaeda carried out a coordinated terrorist attack on the US that had been planned for years -the attackers hijacked 4 large passenger aircrafts with the intention of crashing them into major landmarks |
| the hijackers | -19 men affiliated with al-Qaeda -15 citizens of Saudi Arabia, some from UAE, ____ - - |
| United Flight 93 | -Boeing 757-200 -Neward to San Fran -38 passengers, 5 flight attendants, 2 pilots -eyewitness reports suggest plane shot down, others say passengers on the plane included a private pilot and former flight attendants |
| "Mayday, Mayday!" | 8:41- Flight 93 took off from Newark International Airport 9:27- communications with air traffic controllers indicated the flight was hijacked 9:30 |
| Passenger Phone Calls from Flight 93 | -numerous calls were made, but most were relatively short -Tom Burnett, a passenger, managed to connect to his wife, Dina -"Let's Roll" -AP reported calls at 9:58, told operator there was an explosion and plan was "going down", passenger Edward Felt? |
| American Airlines Flight 77 | -Boeing 757 - |
| "American 77, how do you read? American 77? | 9:34: 3.5 miles west of the Pentagon and started a 330 degree descending right turn into the building -note that NORAD was notified of the possible hijack |
| Collision of Flight 77 | 9:38, jetliner flew into the Pentagon and exploded -impact was 83 minutes after flight 11 went down |
| phone calls from Flight 77 | -only 2 -Ted Olson to Newsweek -Barbara was calm and told him how hijackers had used box cutters and knives to take control. "Ted, what can I do? What can I tell the pilot?" |
| Killed at the Pentagon | -125 total, 70 civilians, 55 military -Lt. General Timothy Maude was the highest-ranking military official killed |
| Media Coverage of Both Events | -one of the most-covered media events of all time -the attacks and the global reaction to them have shaped the world -networks re-ran same images from local news crews -not much raw footage unless from eyewitnesses b/c security cams never released |
| Firsts: | -NBC first inside the Twin Towers -FAA closes all domestic airports until noon the next day -US military and American embassies on highest alert |
| How would media coverage differ today? | -this was years before YouTube, Facebook, Twitter, etc. -live footage from people in the buildings and on the planes? -Tweets? Images? |
| What's changed in the media since 9/11? | -we now expect live digital images to accompany breaking news stories -we rely on "citizen journalism" as an important part of our jobs |
| Duke Lacrosse Case | March 13, 2006 -Case resulted in a false accusation of 3 Duke Lacrosse players |
| Sequence of events | -Kim Roberts and Crystal Mangum showed up at party, start the show, end the show, go to leave, Mangum left her purse, she's so drunk that she is carried back to the car after she falls down the stairs, racial slurs are said by the players as leave |
| "Woman Reports Sexual Assault" | -March 20, 2006 -Duke paper --> papers made it seems like the players were immediately guilty -alluded to a potential instance of "gang rape" |
| Mike Nifong | -head prosecutor -Told MSNBC |
| Violation of Ethics | -News and Observer investigative reporter, Joseph Neff, wrote an article highlighting Nifong's misconduct and "violation of ethics rules" -Durham Police had infringed on their rules by letting her photo id her rapists, in which she gave 5 diff stories |
| Bloggers to the Rescue: | -August 25, 2006 -NYTimes published story addressing that facts in Nifong's argument had flaws, but concluded that "there is also a body of evidence to support his decision to take the take the matter to the jury." |
| People: | -Stuart Taylor, a contributing editor, made observations -KC Johnson : Durham in Wonderland -bloggers were watchdogs exposing cracks in Nifong's case |
| Ed Bradley | -60 Minutes -head driving force exposing cracks in the case |
| SPJ Code of Ethics | -Society of Professional Journalists --seek truth and report it --minimize harm --act independently --be accountable |
| Beijing Olympics | -2001 -Aug. 8-24 -10,942 athletes -204 committees -28 sports, 302 events -37 venues, 12 new -43 world records -132 Olympic records -China most Gold -US 110 medals |
| Michael Phelps | -set a record of Gold Medal wins with 8 |
| Usain Bolt | -world's fastest man -running the 100 meter race in 9.69 seconds |
| Prepping Beijing | -mostly architectural changes -they had to build sports arenas, including the Bird's Nest |
| Cost of the Game | -$15 billion (chinese reports) -$40 billion (other reports) -new subways, airport terminal, light railway, sporting venues, roads, security measures |
| Desire to impress | -opening ceremony, cultural might to the billion people people watching -well received by critics -looking its best -goal: show sport ability, culture and capacity to organize -hostesses taking etiquette courses |
| Pollution | -one of the main concerns of the West was the pollution in Beijing -trying to "clear the air" lolololol |
| Media Coverage | -largest tv audience in olympic history to date -94% of population in China tuning in -approx 4.7 billion viewers worldwide -NBC produced 2200 hours of coverage -first time streamed online -first time games were broadcasted in HD |
| Press Freedom | -China enforces censorship -beijing said this would not be a thing. -it was a thing. only 20,000 journalists accredited. foreign channels only available in hotels, some foreign websites blocked -Intl Olympic Comm. reluctant to pressure China |
| Issue of Tibet | -protests during the Games against China's role in Tibet, but most were shut down and not covered by media |
| Tibet Protests | -as Olympic torch travelled around the world -protests shadowed by Games and shut down by Chinese Gov. -San Fran, Paris, London -absent protests, china hiding them from the intl media -had to get approval in writing 5 days before |
| Media and the VA Tech Massacre Overview | April 16, 2007 -Seung-Hui Cho, senior, killed 32 people and injured 19 -2 separate attacks, 2 hours apart, killed himself -worst mass murder of college students -second worst mass murder in history |
| Media response | -Ben Grossman described overall strategy: "This is not a drill" -heavy rain made travel difficult -CBS' Bob Orr drove 270 miles from DC -Peak coverage --600+ reporters on scene --4 to 5 acres of satellite coverage |
| National Coverage | Primetime television interrupted for full coverage -ABC's Charlie Gibson was the only main anchor to remain in NY -The Today Show made its broadcast from Blacksburg on April 17 |
| Citizen Journalism | -one of the first big examples -students who had their phones to record what was going on |
| Local coverage | -major difficulty: suspend emotions to report -NBC affiliate WSLS staff was composed of 80-90% VA Tech grads -Unable to compete with its network counterparts -relied on smaller, more obscure stories (interviews with Cho's neighbors) |
| Online news | -traffic to network and local affiliate sites inc. to 87% -CNN's record-breaking 11.4 million video views printsite traffic flat-lined MSNBC: all-time high with 15.3 million unique ABCNews.com: highest single-day traffic since 9/11 |
| "Multimedia Manifesto" | -NBC got a package from Cho, Apr 18 -photos, videos, 1800 word manifest -ethical dilemma -NBC News Chief Steve Capus decided to air portions with NBC logo --doing our job as journalists to get the word out |
| Coverage Criticism | -Sensationalism --"massacre --"bloodbath" |
| Aftermath: the Debate | -gun control -mental health -campus safety |
| Why was cable TV invented? | -to provide TV reception for people who couldn't get clear reception |
| Why was NY one of the first cities to be wired? | -skyscrapers were interfering with signals |
| CATV | Community Antenna TeleVision |
| What cable television milestone occurred in 1980? | -Ted Turner created the Cable News Network -All satellite delivery of everything |
| What disparaging nickname did broadcasters initially give it? | Chicken Noodle News (or network) |
| CNN as a 24-hr service... | ...got the jump on major networks and appealed to people who wanted constant news |
| 1950s tech developments -wire recorder --> used during WWII by Murrow | -rendered obsolete by the audio tape -easier and quality was better |
| 1960s tech developments -news camera shooting on film | -rendered obsolete by: video tape |
| 1970s tech developments | -ENG: electronic news gathering --portable cameras to gather visuals and sound --microwave trucks provide live capability in the field -SNG: Satellite news gathering --made affiliates less dependent on networks |
| First non-network satellite news provider for local stations | CONUS |
| 1981 tech development -what event marked the big breakthrough in local stations reporting from overseas? | -the release o the 52 hostages held captive in Iran |
| Tuscon -Jan. 8, 2011 | -Jared Loughner arrived at the event wearing black cap/baggy pants and asked for Gabby -Fired at Giffords and her district director and started shooting indiscriminately at staffers and others standing in line |
| casualties: | -6 dead, 13 wounded -Gabby shot point blank in the head |
| Sarah Palin | -trying to rally support for herself, using war rhetoric -picking people from districts that she wanted to "take out" -seen as kind of responsible |
| Christina Taylor Greene | -shot in the chest |
| Heroes | -Bill Badger, army colonel tackled JL -Joe Zamudilo, helped hold him down |
| The Resurrection | Lots of misinformation initially -is she dead? Is she not dead? |
| The Tucson tragedy provided a unique snapshot of the dramatic shift in the way news and information are communicated to the public | -"news travels faster than fact" -social media summary --hurricane of conflicting/misinformation |
| Enter politics... | -Tea Party's "blood libel" -Rick Barber Ad -Gabby's prophecy (?) |
| Tuscon shootings highlights two controversial issues: | -Has the government made the right choice with their____ - _______ |
| Boston Marathon Bombing | -April 15, 2013 |
| Marathon history | -first started in 1897, always on Patriots' Day -considered one of the biggest marathons in the world -starts in Mopkinton, MA and ends on Bowlston Street in Boston -Thousands gather to either run, cheer or enjoy the city |
| The bombs | 2:49 pm -2 homemade pressure cooker bombs exploded 12 secs and 2 meters apart at the finish line -bombs killed 3, injured 264 -27 local hospitals received patients -14 amputations |
| At the same time... | ...unrelated electrical fired started in the JFK Presidential Library, fueling panic -airspace restricted, public transportation stopped, airport not receiving or releasing planes |
| The hunt | -Tamerlan and Dhokhar Tsarnaev, Russian refugees -killed MIT police officer Sean A Collier -carjacked SUV near Watertown -Police caught up with Tsarnaevs, Tamerlan shot and run over by bro -Dhokhar found hiding in boat in Watertown backyard |
| Who won TV coverage? | -NBC won coverage under leadership of Pete Williams -Williams stood his ground amongst faulty reports and speculations -NBC broke capture of Tsarnaev |
| CBS | -John Miller hailed for coverage -on the otherhand, fell victim to faulty claims and reported a day too early that an arrest had been made --Fox News and AP did, too -In print, Boston Globe & online sites won |
| Social Media | -initially reported on Twitter -Reuters was the first major news source to report bombs on Twitter -Boston Police, FBI and public services turned to Twitter to inform -Social media also opened doors to false reports |
| False Reports: | -conspiracies: shutting down phones? -false reports of boy killed -false id of suspects -civilians ended up reporting, agencies verified... |
| Coverage showed: | -power of social media on reporting -event blurred the lines between civilians and journalists |
| Nixon Richard was born in | Yorba Linda, CA on Jan.8, 1913 |
| Nixon's Education | -Whitter College -Duke Law -admitted to the Bar in 1937 |
| Nixon's Political Background | -1946: Elected to Congress -1950: Senator from CA (won with largest margin) -1952: VP Candidate to Eisenhower -1960:: Won Republican Pres. nom, lost to JFK -1962: Lost the CA gubernatorial bid to Pat Brown |
| The Last Press Conference | "But as I leave you I want you to know- just think how much you're going to be missing. You won't have Nixon to kick around anymore because, gentlemen, this is my last press conference..." |
| Two events that ruined Nixon's presidential relationship with the media- | -Pentagon Papers -Cambodia bombing campaign |
| "The Plumbers" | -John Ehrlichman, counsel to the prez -Egil Krogh, head of the Plumbers -G. Gordon Liddy, former FBI -E. Howard Hunt, former CIA |
| The Gemstone Project | -Dec. 1971, Committee to Reelect the President -Intelligence gathering, codename "Gemstone" --DNC --Chairman, Lawrence O'Brien -Approved by AG Mitchell |
| Gemstone Phase II | -pt. 1: burglary -AG Mitchell told Liddy that the materials gathered "were not satisfactory...[for] the money that he had paid for it." -So Liddy went back in to check that the devices were properly installed |
| Installed what where in Watergate break-in? | -"interceptive devices" -phones of Chairman O'Brien and DNC official Spencer Oliver |
| The Watergate Burglary | June 17, 1972 -5 burglars went back in and got caught -sent back in by Liddy |
| Who fled the scene before they could get caught? | Hunt, Liddy, Alfred Baldwin (former FBI) |
| What was found at the scene? | A notebook with an entry for E. Howard Hunt with the notations "W.H." and "W. House" |
| The Cover Up | they tried... -Liddy and Hunt shredded evidence in their WH offices after the arrests -"The burglary was over, but the Watergate scandal had just begun" |
| Nixon on Watergate | "As Mr. Ziegler has stated, the White House has no involvement whatever in this particular incident." -June 22, 1972 |
| What does it take to pass articles of impeachment? | -"a national inquest into the conduct of public men" -"high crimes and misdemeanors" -"from the abuse or violation of some public trust" -"injuries done immediately to society itself." |
| The Saturday Night Massacre | -televised disaster of not turning over evidence -Oct. 20, 1973 -really turned public opinion against Nixon |
| Who: | -Special Watergate Prosecutor Archibald Cox -President Nixon -AG Richardson -Deputy AG Ruckelshaus -Solitical General Bork -Leon Jaworski |
| What happened? | -Cox subpoenaed for tapes, Nixon refused, reissued, sent transcripts, Cox rejected -Nixon ordered Richardson to fire Cox, resigned -Ordered Ruckelshaus, fired -Bork fired him, replaced by Jaworski |
| What did Nixon argue was his reason to not turn over the tapes? | -executive privilege |
| And what did SCOTUS think about that? | haha nope. The United States v. Richard Nixon -"the generalized interest in confidentiality...cannot prevail over the fundamental demands of due process of law in the fair administration of criminal justice." |
| When was a resolution for impeachment introduced in the House? | July 31, 1973 |
| What was the resolution for impeachment adopted? | Feb 6., 1974 -to "investigate fully and completely whether the grounds exist for the House of Representatives to exercise its constitutional power to impeach Richard M. Nixon." |
| The Impeachment Process | -began July 24, 1974 --6 days of televised hearings |
| How many Americans watched every day? | -at least 35 million |
| When deliberations began... | ...close to 75% of those polled believed he was complicit -supported Impeachment by a 66% to 27% margin |
| Congressman Edward Hutchinson | "The Constitution imposes two separate conditions for removal of a President. One, criminality, and two, serious impact of that criminality upon the government." |
| What 3 impeachment articles were passed for Nixon? | -obstruction of justice -abuse of power -contempt of Congress |
| Article 1: | -Obstruction of Justice --July 27 --obstructing the Watergate investigation and concealing "other unlawful covert activities." -27 for, 11 against |
| Article 2: | -Abuse of Power --Violating Constitutional rights of citizens -28 for, 10 against |
| Article 3: | -Contempt of Congress --"Failed without lawful cause of excuse to produce papers and things..."interposed the powers of the presidency against the lawful subpoenas of the House of Representatives." -21 for, 17 against |
| When did the House pass articles of impeachment? | July 30, 1974 |
| Resignation | -August 8, 1974 at 9 pm -televised statement -"Therefore I shall resign the presidency effective at noon tomorrow." |
| Nixon self-claimed | "introvert in an extrovert's business." |
| Staff that helped Nixon launch attacks against media | -Herbert Klein, Communications Director -Rob Ziegler: Press Sec -H.R. Haldeman: Chief of Staff -John Ehrlichman: Chief Aide |
| Nixon & TV | -he loved the concept of TV -get message directly to the people without using the media -staff knew the power of TV |
| Nixon & media opposition | "The problems were more than institutional...I considered the influential majority of the news media to be part of my political opposition." |
| Nixon, 1972 press conference | "[I have] never heard or seen such outrageous, vicious, distorted reporting in 27 years of political life." |
| Nixon and reporting fairness | "Nowadays...[reporters] don't care about fairness, it's the in thing to forget objectivity and let your prejudices show." |
| William Safire, Nixon Speechwriter | "I must have heard Richard Nixon say 'the press is the enemy' a dozen times." |
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koyates