Help
Options
Didn't know it?
click below
click below
Knew it?
click below
click below
Don't Know
Remaining cards (0)
Know
retry
shuffle
restart
0:00
Embed Code - If you would like this activity on your web page, copy the script below and paste it into your web page.
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Sociology -Chapter 7
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| deviance | a violation of contextual, cultural, or social norms. |
| formal sanctions: | sanctions that are officially recognized and enforced. |
| informal sanctions: | sanctions that occur in face-to-face interactions. |
| negative sanctions: | punishments for violating norms. |
| positive sanctions: | rewards given for conforming to norms. |
| sanctions: | the means of enforcing rules. |
| social control: | the regulation and enforcement of norms. |
| social order: | an arrangement of practices and behaviors on which society’s members base their daily lives. |
| sociologist William Graham Sumner | deviance is a violation of established contextual, cultural, or social norms, whether folkways, mores, or codified law (1906). |
| Philip Hudson | found out, some behaviors, such as wearing clothes of the opposite sex, can be deviant in certain places, criminal in some places, and perfectly acceptable elsewhere. |
| a structural functionalist perspective of deviance | one of the positive contributions of deviance is that it fosters social change. |
| Becker 1963 | Whether an act is labeled deviant or not depends on many factors, including location, audience, and the individual committing the act |
| (Schoepflin 2011). | although deviance is often viewed as a violation of norms, it’s not always viewed in a negative light |
| The underlying goal of social control is (Manager) | to maintain social order, an arrangement of practices and behaviors on which society’s members base their daily lives. |
| social control is (employee handbook) | the regulation and enforcement of norms. |
| something is deviant depends on | contextual definitions, the situation, and people’s response to the behavior. |
| Society seeks | to limit deviance through the use of sanctions that help maintain a system of social control. |
| the three major sociological paradigms of deviance are: | functionalism, symbolic interactionism, and conflict theory. |
| Deviance in Functionalism | Sociologists who follow the functionalist approach are concerned with how the different elements of a society contribute to the whole. They view deviance as a key component of a functioning society. |
| Strain theory, social disorganization theory, and cultural deviance theory | represent three functionalist perspectives on deviance in society. |
| Émile Durkheim | believed that deviance is a necessary part of a successful society. He argued, is that it challenges people’s present views (1893). When deviance is punished, it reaffirms currently held social norms, which also contributes to society (1893). |
| Strain Theory - Sociologist Robert Merton | access to socially acceptable goals plays a part in determining whether a person conforms or deviates. |
| Robert Merton five ways that people respond to the gap between having a socially accepted goal but no socially accepted way to pursue it. | Conformity, Innovation, Ritualism, Retreatism, Rebellion. |
| Conformity: | Thosewhoconformchoosenottodeviate.Theypursuetheirgoals to the extent that they can through socially accepted means. |
| Innovation: | Those who innovate pursue goals they cannot reach through legitimate means by instead using criminal or deviant means. |
| Ritualism: | People who ritualize lower their goals until they can reach them through socially acceptable ways. These members of society focus on conformity rather than attaining a distant dream. |
| Retreatism: | Others retreat and reject society’s goals and means. Some beggars and street people have withdrawn from society’s goal of financial success. |
| Rebellion: | A handful of people rebel, replacing a society’s goals and means with their own. Terrorists or freedom fighters look to overthrow a society’s goals through socially unacceptable means. |
| social disorganization theory (researchers at the University of Chicago in the 1920s and 1930s) | asserts that crime is most likely to occur in communities with weak social ties and the absence of social control and points to broad social factors as the cause of deviance. |
| Cultural Deviance Theory - Clifford Shaw and Henry McKay (1942) | suggests that conformity to the prevailing cultural norms of lower-class society causes crime. |
| Cultural Deviance Theory - Robert Sampson and Byron Groves (1989). | found that poverty, ethnic diversity, and family disruption in given localities had a strong positive correlation with social disorganization and that social disorganization was, in turn, associated with high rates of crime and delinquency – or deviance. |
| Cultural Deviance Theory - Robert Sampson and Lydia Bean (2006) | revealed that high rates of poverty and single-parent homes correlated with high rates of juvenile violence. |
| Conflict theory (Sociological Paradigm) | looks to social and economic factors as the causes of crime and deviance. Conflict theorists also look for answers to the correlation of gender and race with wealth and crime. |
| Conflict theory (Sociological Paradigm)-(Akers 1991). | They also challenge social disorganization theory and control theory, arguing that both ignore racial and socioeconomic issues and oversimplify social trends. Conflict theorists study the intersection of deviance and crime with wealth and power. |
| Conflict theory (Sociological Paradigm)is derived | greatly from the work of sociologist, philosopher, and revolutionary Karl Marx. |
| Karl Marx divided the general population into two rigid social groups: the proletariat and the bourgeois. (Conflict theory) | The bourgeois are a small and wealthy segment of society who controls the means of production, while the proletariat is composed of the workers who rely on those means of production for employment and survival. |
| The bourgeois has the means to control the way society is regulated (Conflict theory) | – from laws, to government, to other authority agencies – which gives the bourgeois the opportunity to maintain and expand their power in society and by centralizing vital resources into few hands. |
| Sociologist C. Wright Mills -The Power Elite (1956) (Conflict theory) | described the existence of what he dubbed the power elite, a small group of wealthy and influential people at the top of society who hold the power and resources. They manipulate the rules of society to stay on top. |
| Sociologist C. Wright Mills -The Power Elite (1956)'s theories explain (Conflict theory) | why celebrities such as Chris Brown and Paris Hilton, or once-powerful politicians such as Eliot Spitzer and Tom DeLay, can commit crimes with little or no legal retribution. |
| Symbolic interactionism (Social Paradigm) is a theoretical approach that | can be used to explain how societies and/or social groups come to view behaviors as deviant or conventional. |
| Symbolic interactionism (Social Paradigm) theories | Labeling theory, differential association, social disorganization theory, and control theory fall within the realm of symbolic interactionism. |
| Labeling Theory - Symbolic interactionism (Social Paradigm) | examines the ascribing of a deviant behavior to another person by members of society. Primary deviance, Secondary deviance, Master status. |
| Primary Deviance - Labeling Theory - Symbolic interactionism (Social Paradigm) | is a violation of norms that does not result in any long-term effects on the individual’s self-image or interactions with others and maintain a feeling of belonging in society and are likely to continue to conform to norms in the future. |
| Secondary Deviance - Labeling Theory - Symbolic interactionism (Social Paradigm) | occurs when a person’s self-concept and behavior begin to change after his or her actions are labeled as deviant by members of society. |
| Master status - Secondary Deviance - Labeling Theory - Symbolic Interactionism (Social Paradigm) | A master status is a label that describes the chief characteristic of an individual. Some people see themselves primarily as doctors, artists, grandfathers, beggars, convicts, or addicts and when strong it bestows a master status on an individual. |
| Sociologist Edwin Sutherland: Differential Association (1900s) | deviance is less a personal choice and more a result of differential socialization processes. |
| (Todd and Jury 1996). - Differential Association | A longitudinal study beginning in the 1960s found that the best predictor of antisocial and criminal behavior in children was whether their parents had been convicted of a crime |
| Travis Hirschi: Control Theory | states that social control is directly affected by the strength of social bonds and that deviance results from a feeling of disconnection from society. Individuals who believe they are a part of society are less likely to commit crimes against it. |
| Travis Hirschi(1969): Control Theory | Identified four types of social bonds that connect people to society: Attachment, |
| Attachment - Travis Hirschi(1969): Control Theory | measures our connections to others. When we are closely attached to people, we worry about their opinions of us. People conform to society’s norms in order to gain approval (and prevent disapproval) from family, friends, and romantic partners. |
| Commitment - Travis Hirschi(1969): Control Theory | refers to the investments we make in the community. A well- respected local businesswoman who volunteers at her synagogue has more to lose from committing a crime than a woman who doesn’t have a career or ties to the community. |
| Levels of Involvement or Participation - Travis Hirschi(1969): Control Theory | or participation in socially legitimate activities, lessen a person’s likelihood of deviance. Children who are members of little league baseball teams have fewer family crises. |
| Belief - Travis Hirschi(1969): Control Theory | is an agreement on common values in society. If a person views social values as beliefs, he or she will conform to them. An environmentalist is more likely to pick up trash in a park because a clean environment is a social value to him. |
| three major sociological paradigms | offer different explanations for the motivation behind deviance and crime. |
| Functionalists point out | that deviance is a social necessity since it reinforces norms by reminding people of the consequences of violating them. |
| Violating norms | can open society’s eyes to injustice in the system. |
| Conflict theorists argue | that crime stems from a system of inequality that keeps those with power at the top and those without power at the bottom. |
| Symbolic interactionists focus | attention on the socially constructed nature of the labels related to deviance. |
| Crime and deviance are | Crime and deviance are learned from the environment and enforced or discouraged by those around us. |
| control theory: | theory that states social control is directly affected by the strength of social bonds and that deviance results from a feeling of disconnection from society. |
| cultural deviance theory: | cultural deviance theory: theory that suggests conformity to the prevailing cultural norms of lower-class society causes crime. |
| differential association theory: | differential association theory: theory that states individuals learn deviant behavior from those close to them who provide models of and opportunities for deviance. |
| labeling theory: | labeling theory: the ascribing of a deviant behavior to another person by members of society. |
| master status: | master status: a label that describes the chief characteristic of an individual. |
| power elite: | power elite: a small group of wealthy and influential people at the top of society who hold the power and resources. |
| primary deviance: | primary deviance: a violation of norms that does not result in any long-term effects on the individual’s self-image or interactions with others. |
| secondary deviance: | secondary deviance: occurs when a person’s self-concept and behavior begin to change after his or her actions are labeled as deviant by members of society. |
| social disorganization theory: | social disorganization theory: theory that asserts crime occurs in communities with weak social ties and the absence of social control. |
| strain theory: | strain theory: theory that addresses the relationship between having socially acceptable goals and having socially acceptable means to reach those goals. |
| Crime | is a behavior that violates official law and is punishable through formal sanctions. |
| Violent crimes (also known as “crimes against a person”) | are based on the use of force or the threat of force. Rape, murder, and armed robbery fall under this category. if you mug someone with the crowbar, you are committing a violent crime. |
| Nonviolent crimes or property crimes | involve the destruction or theft of property, but do not use force or the threat of force. Larceny, car theft, and vandalism are all types of nonviolent crimes. The use of a crowbar to break into a car. |
| street crime | offenses committed by ordinary people against other people or organizations, usually in public spaces. |
| corporate crime | crime committed by white-collar workers in a business environment. |
| victimless crime | the perpetrator is not explicitly harming another person. Drinking a beer at age 20 or selling a sexual act do not result in injury to anyone other than the individual who engages in them, although they are illegal. |
| Hate Crimes | Attacks based on a person’s race, religion, or other characteristics. |
| self-report study | is a collection of data acquired using voluntary response methods, such as questionnaires or telephone interviews. |
| criminal justice system | is an organization that exists to enforce a legal code. There are three branches of the United States criminal justice system: the police, the courts, and the corrections system. |
| Police are | a civil force in charge of enforcing laws and public order at a federal, state, or community level. |
| A local or county police officer | may spend time responding to emergency calls, working at the local jail, or patrolling areas as needed and have a limited jurisdiction with authority only in the town or county in which they serve |
| a federal officer | would be more likely to investigate suspects in firearms trafficking or provide security for government officials. |
| State police | have the authority to enforce statewide laws, including regulating traffic on highways. |
| Courts | is a system that has the authority to make decisions based on law. the U.S. judicial system is divided into federal courts and state courts. |
| federal courts (including the U.S. Supreme Court) | deal with federal matters, including trade disputes, military justice, and government lawsuits. Judges who preside over federal courts are selected by the president with the consent of Congress. |
| State courts | vary in their structure, but generally include three levels: trial courts, appellate courts, and state supreme courts. |
| Traffic court and small claims court | are both types of trial courts that handle specific civil matters. |
| the jury’s responsibility | is to determine guilt, |
| judge’s responsibility | is to determine the penalty, though in some states, the jury may also decide the penalty. |
| corrections system, more commonly known as the prison system, | is tasked with supervising individuals who have been arrested, convicted, and sentenced for a criminal offense. |
| A jail | provides temporary confinement, usually while an individual awaits trial or parole. |
| Prisons | are facilities built for individuals serving sentences of more than a year. |
| Parole | refers to a temporary release from prison or jail that requires supervision and the consent of officials. |
| Probation | is supervised time used as an alternative to prison. |
| Crime is established | by legal codes and upheld by the criminal justice system. |
| there are three branches of the justice system: | police, courts, and corrections. |
| corporate crime: | crime committed by white-collar workers in a business environment. |
| corrections system: | the system tasked with supervising individuals who have been arrested for, convicted of, or sentenced for criminal offenses. |
| court: | a system that has the authority to make decisions based on law. |
| crime: | a behavior that violates official law and is punishable through formal sanctions. |
| criminal justice system: | an organization that exists to enforce a legal code. |
| hate crimes: | attacks based on a person’s race, religion, or other characteristics |
| legal codes: | codes that maintain formal social control through laws. |
| nonviolent crimes: | crimes that involve the destruction or theft of property, but do not use force or the threat of force. |
| police: a civil force in charge of regulating laws and public order at a federal, state,or community level | collection of data acquired using voluntary response methods, such as questionnaires or telephone interviews. |
| self-report study: | collection of data acquired using voluntary response methods, such as questionnaires or telephone interviews. |
| street crime: | crime committed by average people against other people or organizations, usually in public spaces. |
| victimless crime: | activities against the law, but that do not result in injury to any individual other than the person who engages in them. |
| violent crimes: | crimes based on the use of force or the threat of force |
Created by:
irmashaw