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Bio 111 Final
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| To be scientifically valid, a hypothesis must be | testable and falsifiable |
| The role of a control in an experiment is to | provide a basis of comparison to the experimental group |
| Your instructor asks you to look into your microscope to see a prokaryotic cell. You will be looking for a cell that | has a membrane |
| Bruce Alberts, Editor-in-Chief of Science, gives what advice when looking for a science advisor? | find an advisor who has only a small group of advisees so that he/she can pay close attention to your development |
| On Being a Scientist explains three sets of obligations that motivate their adherence to professional standards. Which of the following is one of those standards? | researchers have an obligation to honor the trust that their colleagues place in them |
| Which of the following statements about the properties of life is false? | All organisms have the ability to maintain a constant internal temperature |
| Life is organized in a hierarchical fashion. Which of the following sequences correctly lists that hierarchy from least inclusive to most inclusive? | molecule, organelle, cell, tissue, organ, organ system, organism, population, community, ecosystem |
| Consider the following statement: "If all vertebrates have backbones, and turtles are vertebrates, then turtles have backbones." This statement is an example of | deductive reasoning |
| Which of the following is not an example of evolution that has resulted from human activity? | Because of hunting, species such as bears and wolves are in danger of extinction |
| In an ecosystem, energy | typically flows from producers through a series of consumers |
| In the equation 2H2 + O2 > 2H20, | only H2O is a compound |
| What is the fundamental difference between covalent and ionic bonding? | In a covalent bond, the partners share a pair of electrons; in an iconic bond, one partner accepts electrons from the other |
| The temperature of evaporation is much higher for water than for alcohol. Without knowing more about the chemistry of alcohol, which of the following is the most logical chemical explanation for this phenomenon? | Fewer hydrogen bonds form between alcohol molecules. As a result, less heat is needed for alcohol molecules to break away from solution and enter the air |
| Which of the following would be considered an effective way to decrease the production of acid precipitation? | Whenever possible, walk or ride a bicycle instead of driving a car. |
| Which of the following hypotheses would be supported if liquid water were found on Mars and contained evidence of bacteria-like organisms? | The chemical evolution of life is possible. |
| A disaccharide forms when | two monosaccharides join by dehydration synthesis |
| Cows can derive nutrients from cellulose because | their intestinal tract contains cellulose-hydrolyzing microorganisms |
| The development of atherosclerotic disease can result from a diet high in | saturated fats |
| A scientist suspects that the food in an ecosystem may have been contaminated with radioactive nitrogen over a period of months. Which of the following substances could be examined for radioactivity to test the hypothesis? | the hair produced by humans living in the ecosystem |
| You work for a company that manufactures food products. A new "wonder food" is being distributed by a rival company. The researchers in your company determine that the "wonder food" contains only carbon, oxygen, and hydrogen. At this point... | does not include proteins or nucleic acids |
| The creation of genetically identical offspring by a single parent, without the participation of sperm and egg is called | asexual reproduction |
| Eukaryotic cells spend most of their cell cycle in which phase? | interphase |
| The genetic material is duplicated during | the S phase |
| At the start of mitototic anaphase, | the centromeres of each chromosome come apart |
| Which of the following features likely accounts for the difference between plant and animal cell cytokinesis? | Plant cells have cells walls |
| Which of the following must occur for a plant or animal to grow and develop normally? | The organism must be able to control the timing and rate of cell division in different parts of its body |
| When animal cells are grown in a petri dish, they typically stop dividing once they have formed a single, unbroken layer on the bottom of the dish. This arrest of division is an example of | density-dependent inhibition |
| Which of the following shows the greatest promise as a cancer chemotherapy agent? | a drug that prevents mitotic spindle from forming |
| Without crossing over | genetic recombination could not occur |
| Cancer is not usually inherited because | the chromosomal changes in cancer are usually confined to somatic cells |
| Protein synthesis requires the use of mRNA, which | is translated by the ribosomes into the amino acid sequence of proteins |
| A manufacturing company dumps its waste into a nearby pond. One of the wastes is found to paralyze the contractile vacuoles of certain protists. A biologist looking at individual samples of these organisms taken from the pond would find that they | have gained water and burst |
| Most of the functions of a cell membrane, including transport and enzymatic function, are performed by | proteins |
| Plasma membranes are selectively permeable. This means that | the plasma membrane allows some substances to enter or leave a cell more easily than others. |
| Osmosis can be defined as | the diffusion of water |
| A balloon is filled with a solution of 20% sucrose and 80% water and is immersed in a beaker containing a solution of 40% sucrose and 60% water. Which of the following will occur? | water will leave the balloon |
| In a hypotonic solution, an animal cell will | lyse |
| You are adrift in the Atlantic Ocean, and, being thirsty, drink the surrounding seawater. As a result, | you dehydrate yourself |
| The process of a white blood cell engulfing a bacterium is | phagocytosis |
| Which of the following processes is endergonic? | the synthesis of glucose from carbon dioxide and water |
| Anything that prevents ATP formation will most likely | result in cell death |
| When an enzyme catalyzes a reaction, | it lowers the activation energy of the reaction |
| Which of the following are products of cellular respiration? | energy to make ATP and carbon dioxide |
| Humans use the calories they obtain from ____ as their source of energy. | food |
| During redox reactions, | electrons are lost from one substance and added to another substance |
| A drug is tested in the laboratory and is found to create holes in both mitochondrial membranes. Scientists suspect that the drug will be harmful to human cells because it will inhibit | the citric acid cycle and oxidative phosphorylation |
| A child is born with a rare disease in which mitochondria are missing from skeletal muscle cells. However, the muscles still function. Physicians find that | the muscles contain large amounts of lactate following even mild physical exercise |
| The conversion of CO2 and H2O into organic compounds using energy from light is called | photosynthesis |
| What is the source of energy that provides the boost for electrons during photosynthesis? | light |
| Which of the following colors contributes the lest energy to photosynthesis? | green |
| Photorespiration | may be an evolutionary relic from when atmospheric O2 levels were low |
| It has been argued that cutting old-growth forests and replacing them with plantations of young trees would help to alleviate the threat of global greenhouse warming. What important fact does this argument ignore? | Most of the biomass of the cut trees would be added to the atmosphere as CO2 within a few years |
| Which of the following statements regarding a DNA double helix is always true? | the amount of adenine is equal to the amount of thymine, and the amount of guanine is equal to the amount of cytosine |
| If one strand of DNA is CGGTAV, the corresponding strand would be | GCCATG |
| The transfer of genetic information from DNA to RNA is called | transcription |
| Why does a DNA strand growl only in the 5' to 3' direction? | because DNA polymerases can only add nucleotides to the 3' end of the growing molecule |
| Which of the following options best depicts the flow of information when a gene directs the synthesis of a cellular component? | DNA --> RNA ---> protein |
| A physical or chemical agent that changes the nucleotide sequence of DNA is called a(n) | mutagen |
| DNA replication | uses each strand of a DNA molecule as a template for the creation of a new strand |
| The monomers of DNA and RNA are | nucleotides |
| How would the shape of a DNA molecule change if adenine paired with guanine and cytosine paired with thymine? | the DNA molecule would have irregular widths along its length |
| _____ marks the end of a gene and causes transcription to stop. | A terminator |
| When DNA from two sources is combined into one single piece of DNA, it is known as | recombinant DNA |
| Restriction enzymes | cut DNA at specific sites |
| After DNA fragments with matching sticky ends are temporarily joined by complementary base-pairing, the union can be made permanent by the "pasting" enzyme | DNA ligase |
| The type of recombinant bacteria most often used to mass-produce genes is | Escherichia coli |
| The advantage of being able to clone the gene for human insulin is that | human insulin is less likely to cause harmful side effects than cow, pig, or horse insulin. |
| The DNA in organic matter from one's body can be amplified by _____. | PCR |
| Gel electrophoresis sorts DNA molecules on the basis of their | size |
| Which of the following pieces of evidence would be considered the best for establishing biological relatedness? | a very close match in the DNA profile |
| During the process of electophoresis, the ____ functions like a molecular sieve, separating the samples according to their size. | gel |
| The polymerase chain reaction relies upon unusual, heat-resistant _______ that were isolated from bacteria living in hot springs. | DNA polymerase molecules |
| The idea that all living things are composed of cells and that all cells come from other cells defines | cell theory |
| A cell is exposed to a substance that prevents it from dividing. The cell becomes larger and larger. This situation | will eventually be problematic, since the cell's ability to absorb nutrients through its outer membrane will not keep increasing as quickly as its cytoplasmic needs. |
| In the plasma membrane, the phospholipid heads | are hydrophilic and face outward towards the aqueous solution on both sides of the membrane |
| ______ cells lack a membrane-enclosed nucleus. | Prokaryotic |
| You are told that the cells on a microscope slide are plant, animal, or bacterial. You look at them through a microscope and see cell walls and membrane-bound organelles. You conclude correctly that the cells | are plant cells |
| The Golgi apparatus | is composed of stacks of membraneous vesicles that are continuous with one another |
| The function of mitochondria is | cellular respiration |
| The function of chloroplasts is | photosynthesis |
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zbenfield