Help
Options
Question
What is necessary in maintaining the pH of blood? (List)
click to flip
Didn't know it?
click below
click below
Knew it?
click below
click below
Don't know
Question
The condition in which air enters the pleural cavity is called what? p.746
Remaining cards (85)
Know
retry
shuffle
restart
0:00
Embed Code - If you would like this activity on your web page, copy the script below and paste it into your web page.
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Normal Size Small Size show me how
A&P Exam 3 Review
Respiratory System, Urinary System, Fluids and Electrolytes
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is necessary in maintaining the pH of blood? (List) | |
| The condition in which air enters the pleural cavity is called what? p.746 | pneumothorax,can collapse the lung on the affected side because of the lung's elasticity, creating substantial spce between the parietal and visceral pleural membranes. |
| List the steps in expiration. (1&2 table 19.3 p.746) p.745-746 | The diaphragm and external respiratory muscles relax. Elastic tissues of the lungs, stretched during inspiration, suddenly recoil, and surface tensions pulls in on alveolar walls. |
| List the factors that directly affect breathing rate. p.751 | Partial pressure of O2 & CO2 in body fluids, degree to which lung tissues are stretched, emotional state, and level of physical activity. |
| Bronchial asthma is a condition caused by ________. p.750 | an allergic reaction o foreign antigens in the airways (allergens i.e. dust mites & pollen) |
| The condition of newborns called respiratory distress syndrome is caused by ____________. p.745 | the lack in production of sufficient surfactant. |
| The enzyme carbonic anhydrase causes ________. p.760 | the release of H+. Speeds up the reaction between CO2 and H2O. The resulting carbonic acid dissociates almost immediately, releasing H+ and bicarbonate ions (HCO3-). |
| The pitch of a vocal sound is controlled by changing ____________. p.736 | tension on the vocal cords, by contracting or relaxing laryngeal muscles. |
| When a person exhales the atmospheric pressure in the lungs is lower than that outside the body because the volume in the lungs has decreased. This results in the outside air pushing into the lungs. This relationship is termed? p.744 | Boyle's Law |
| The effects of carbon dioxide and hydrogen ions on the respiratory center are similar how? p.751-752 | They both have a greater effect on the central chemoreceptors of the respiratory center than they do n the carotid and aortic bodies. |
| The intensity (volume) of a vocal sound is controlled how? p.736 | It depends upon the force of the air passing over the vocal cords. Stronger blasts of air result in greater vibration of the vocal cords and louder sound. |
| How does the respiratory system maintain carbon dioxide levels and the pH of the internal environment? p.751-752 | Central chemoreceptors in the ventral portion of the medulla oblongata. H+ concentration due to diffusion of CO2 into brain. Predominantly responds to Pco2 & H+ concentration. |
| What protein is the most important physiologically in the transport of carbon dioxide by blood? p.760 | Carbonic anhydrase. |
| The amount of air that enters or leaves the lungs during normal respiratory cycle is termed __________. p.746 | Tidal volume |
| Hyperventilation is most likely to be accompanied by a(n) ______________. p.752 | lowered CO2 concentration followed by rise in pH and a localized vasoconstriction of cerebral arterioles, decreasing blood flow to nearby brain cells. |
| Stimulation of the respiratory centers usually occurs when the partial pressure of oxygen is ___________. p.752 | Decreased to about 50% of normal. |
| During moderate physical exercise, what happens to the level of blood gasses? p.753 | Blood O2 and CO2 level usually do ot change during exercise. |
| The right lung is composed of ______ lobes; the left lung is composed of _____ lobes. p.741 | 3 lobes (superior, middle, and inferior); 2 lobes (superior & inferior) |
| The portion of the respiratory center that is responsible for establishing the basic pattern of breathing is the ________ and located where in the brain? p.750 | The ventral respiratory group in medullary respiratory center located in the medulla oblongata. |
| Peripheral receptors stimulate the respiratory centers resulting in __________. p.752 | the breathing rate and tidal volume rise, increasing alveolar ventilation. |
| If someone had the hiccups, which group of nerves is most likely to be innervating the major muscle involved? p.744 | Phrenic nerves of the diaphragm |
| The dorsal respiratory group and the ventral respiratory group are found extending throughout which structure? p.749(fig. 19.28) & p. 750 | Medulla oblongata; medullary respiratory center |
| List the steps in order for the act of inspiration. steps (1-2 p.745 table 19.2) | 1.Impulses are conducted on phrenic nerves to muscle fibers in the diaphragm, contracting them. 2. As the dome-shaped diaphragm moves downward, the thoracic cavity expands. |
| Laryngitis is potentially dangerous condition because it may cause ___________. p.736 & 738 | It may cause swelling blocking the passageway for air moving in and out of the trachea. The swelling may also lead to epiglottitis. |
| What causes yawning? p.749 | Is not known, but yawing and its effect of getting others yawning may be rooted in brainstem mechanisms that maintain alterness. |
| The most sensitive areas of the air passages are located where? p.748 | In the larynx, the carina, and in regions near the branches of the major bronchi. |
| If a flashlight is placed just below the eyebrow in a darkened room, it may be possible to illuminate what sinus? p.735 | Frontal sinus |
| The walls of the alveoli are composed of what? p. 755 | Part of the wall is made of type II cells that secrete pulmonary surfactant. The bulk of the wall consists of a layer of simple squamous epithelium (type I cells). Alveolar pores are in the walls of some alveoli. Associated with capillary network. |
| The chemoreceptors in the carotid and aortic bodies are most sensitive to changes in blood _________. p.751 | Po2 Partial Pressure of Oxygen. Peripheral chemoreceptors. |
| What are the pneumotaxic center and the apneustic center and where are they located? p.751 | Pneumotaxic center inhibits the apneustic center promoting a passive/forced expiration. Shortens inspiration & increases rate of ventilation.Apneustic Center stimulates the inspiratory centers DRG&VRG for quiet/forced inspiration.Inhibits expiration.Pons |
| During an asthma attack, the patient usually finds it most difficult to do what? p.750 | Force air out of the lungs (exhale) |
| Of the respiratory air volumes listed, which one has the largest volume? p.746 (table 19.4 p.748) | Inspiratory reserve volume (IRV) 3,000 mL |
| How are infant apneas different from those in adults? p.751 | In infants, apnea is usually central, due to a problem with respiratory control centers. In adults, apnea is usually obstructive, caused by airway blockage. |
| Cancer that originates in the lungs is most likely to develop from what type of tissue? p.761 | Epithelial |
| Why does oxygen only play a minor role in control of normal respiration? p.752 | Does not play a major role until Po2 is decreased to about 50% of normal. Since blood oxygen is carried bound to the hemoglobin molecules in RBCs, blood still has 75% of the oxygen it had when it was fully oxygenated, which frees up respiratory control. |
| The pharynx functions as a _______, whereas the larynx functions as a _________. p.735 | Pharynx:a passageway for food and air. Larynx:a passageway for air moving and prevents foreign objects from entering the trachea. It also houses the vocal cords. |
| Which of the following air volumes cannot be measured using a simple spirometer? p.746 | Residual volume |
| What is/are the function(s) of the mucus-covered nasal passages? p.732-733 | Warms air to body temp, moistens air, entraps dust and other small particles preventing respiratory infections.Conducts air to pharynx.conchae increase surface air of mucous membrane. |
| What is emphysema? p.750 | Is a progressive,degenerative disease that destroys alveolar walls.As a result,clusters of small air sacs merge into larger chambers,which greatly decreases the total surface area of the alveoli,thereby reducing the volume of gasses that can be exchanged |
| What are some functions of the mucous membrane lining the nasal cavity? p.732-733 | Warms air to body temp, moistens air, entraps dust and other small particles preventing respiratory infections. |
| Microorganisms removed from incoming air by sticky mucus are most likely to be destroyed by _________. p.733 | When mucous reaches pharynx it is swallowed. In the stomach,gastric juic destroys microorganisms in the mucus, including pathogens. |
| Why would the amount of oxygen released from oxyhemoglobin increase? p.758 | Increasing blood concentration of Pco2, acidity (pH), and temperature all increase the amount of oxygen that oxyhemoglobin releases. |
| An increase in glomerular osmotic pressure will result in _________ the rate of glomerular filtration. | Increase |
| What makes alcohol a diuretic? p.787-780 | Alcohol inhibits the secretion of ADH. Reduced levels of ADH and the epithelial linings of the distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct become less permeable to H2O.Less H2O reabsorbed & urine becomes more diluted. |
| A renal corpuscle is a ___________, whereas a renal tubule is a ____________. p.772,774-775 | a filtering unit composed of tangled cluser of blood capillaries called a glomerulus/Bowman's capsule;highly coiled tubule that leads away from the glomerular capsule that merge into the renal cortex forming a collecting duct & passes through the medulla |
| Whenever the plasma glucose concentration exceeds the renal plasma threshold, _________. p.785 | Active transport mechanisms can't keep up and glucose remains in the filtrate and is excreted in urine. |
| A renal corpuscle includes ____________. p.774 | glomerulus and glomerular(Bowman's)capsule.Capsule composed of two layers of squamous epithelial cell:visceral(highly modified epithelial) and parietal layer. |
| List the parts of a renal tubule in the correct sequence from beginning to end. p.774-775 | Proximal convoluted tubule,nephron loop:descending limb&ascending limb,distal convoluted tubule,collecting duct,& empties into a minor calyx through an opening in a renal papilla. |
| The juxtaglomerular apparatus regulates the filtration rate by ______ and by _______. p.782 | contraction of afferent arteriole reducing blood flow to the glomerulus in response to elevated Na+ levels via macula densa; juxtagolmerulus cells in afferent arteriole secrete renin when BP is low.Renin increases BP via the angiostensin aldosterone syste |
| Conscious control of micturition involves inhibiting the micturition reflex by using nerve centers in the ___________. p.795 | brainstem and cerebral cortex. |
| Whenever sodium ions are reabsorbed through the wall of the renal tubule by active transport, chloride ions are ______. p.785-786 | are passively moved through the tubular wall with the positively charged sodium ions due to the electrochemical attraction between particles of opposite charge. |
| As a consequence of widespread edema blood volume does what? p.785 | blood volume decreases and blood pressure drops. |
| What is the purpose of the countercurrent mechanism in the nephron? p.788 | ensures that the medullary interstitial fluid becomes hypertonic. In this way soluble wastes and other substances are excreted in minimal water preserving body water when dehydration is a threat. |
| Water channels in cell membranes formed by ______ are a result of ADH signaling in the kidneys. p.788 | aquaporins. |
| Lists the order of structures through which urine flows after its formation in the nephron. p.791 | collecting ducts,openings in renal papillae, enters the minor and major calyces,renal pelvis,ureter,urinary bladder,urethra |
| The first capillary bed associated with the nephron functions to __________. p.778 | only filter. |
| An increase in urine volume is termed _________. p.785 | diuresis |
| What would increase the rate of glomerular filtration? | Increasing the hydrostatic pressure of the blood |
| The renal medulla is composed of ______, whereas the renal cortex is composed of _______. p.769 | renal pyramids that appear striated. renal columns that appear granular and dips into the tmedulla between the renal pyramids. |
| Up to ______ of urea is filtered and recycled. p.790 | 80% |
| The epithelial cells of the proximal convoluted tubule are adapted for reabsorption by _____________. p.784 | having many microvilli that form a "brush border" on their free surfaces facing the tubular lumen. These tiny extensions greatly increase the surface area exposed to the glomerular filtrate and enhance reabsorption. |
| where is the largest quantity of hydrogen ions secreted? p.786 | are actively secreted throughout the entire renal tubule. |
| Glomerular filtration produces _______ liters of fluid. p.782 | 180 |
| What is an abnormal constituent of urine? p.790 | Abnormalities would be excess glucose or amino acids that could not be moved out during reabsorption due the lack of active transport. |
| What is/are a(n) normal constituent of urine? p.790 | Urine is about 95% water and usually also contains urea and uric acid from the catabolism of amino acids and nucleic acids and creatine from metabolism of creatine. |
| Aldosterone from the adrenal cortex does what? | |
| Glomerular filtration produces _______ the total body water every 24 hours. | |
| Kidney stones are least likely to be composed of _________. | |
| Infants are more likely to become dehydrated than adults because? | |
| The micturition reflex center is located where? | |
| The hormone ADH functions to promote water reabsorption through the wall(s) of the ______. | |
| An increase in osmotic concentration of the tubular fluid reduces the amount of water reabsorbed in the proximal tubule. What will this result in? | |
| List the steps in expiration (3&4 p. 746 table 19.3) | 3.Tissues recoiling around the lungs increase the intra-alveolar pressure. 4.Air is forced out of the lungs. |
| List the steps in inspiration (3& 4 p.745 table 19.2) | 3. At the same time, the external intercostal muscles may contract, raising the ribs and expanding the thoracic city further. 4. The intra-alveolar pressure decreases. |
| List the steps in inspiration (5&6 p.745 table 19.2) | 5. Atmospheric pressure, greater than intra-alveolar pressure, force are into the respiratory tract through the air passages. 6. The lungs fill with air. |
| A decrease in the glomerular hydrostatic pressure of a glomerular capsule will result in _____ the rate of glomerular filtration. | decrease |
| What is the correct location of the kidneys? p.769 | Lie on either side of the vertebral column in a depression high on the posterior wall of the abdominal cavity.The up&low borders of the kidneys are generally at the lvls of the 12th thoracic&3rd lumbar vertebrae.Lt kidney is about 1.5-2cm higher than rt. |
| The reabsorption of glucose occurs primarily through the walls of what part of the nephron? | |
| What is the composition of glomerular filtrate? | |
| What is it that makes caffeine a diuretic? | |
| If glucose is not reabsorbed in the tubular fluid hat happens? | |
| List the function of the kidneys. p.769-770 | Regulate volume, composition, and pH of body fluids. Remove metabolic waste from blood and excrete them to the outside.Help control RBC formation,regulate blood pressure, and absorption of Ca2+. |
| In what parts of the nephron is water actively transported? | |
| List some sources for the filtration rate in the glomerulus to increase. | |
| The micturition reflex can b voluntarily controlled how? | |
| If the arteriole that supplies blood to the glomerulus becomes constricted what happens? |
Created by:
reelemus