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15.2
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| each divison of the ANS has | 2 motor neurons: preganglionic neuron and postganglionic neuron |
| preganglionic neuron | body is in the brain or spinal cord and axons exits the CNS as part of a cranial or spinal nerve. |
| axon of preganglionic neuron | myelinated type B fiber wheich extend to autonomic ganglion where it synapses with a postganglionic neuron |
| postganglionic neuron | lies outside the CNS in the PNS and cell body and dendrites are located in an autonomic ganglion where it synapses with one ore more preganglionic neuron |
| axons of postganglionic neuron | unmyelinated type C fiber that terminates in a visceral effector |
| summary of preganglionic and postganglionic neurons | pre conveys impulses from CNS to autonomic ganglia and post relays it from autonomic ganglia to visceral effectors |
| in the sympathetic division the preganglionic neurons have | their cell bodies in the lateral horns of gray matter in the 12 thoracic segments and the first 2 lumbar segments of the spinal cord |
| the sympathetic division is called | thoracolumbar division |
| axons of sympathetic preganglionic neurons are called | thoracolumbar outflow |
| cell bodies of preganglionic neurons of parasympathetic | located in nuclei of four crainial nerves in brain stem (III, VII, IX, and X) and in lateral gray matter of 2nd -4th sacral segments |
| parasympathetic division is known as | the cranioscaral division |
| axons of parasympathetic preganglionic neurons are called | craniosacral outflow |
| 2 major groups of autonomic ganglai | sympathetic ganglia and parasympathetic ganglia |
| sympathetic ganglia | sites of synapses between sympathetic preganglionic and postganglionic neurons |
| 2 major types of sympathetic ganglia | sympathetic trunk ganglia and prevertebral ganglia |
| sympathetic trunk ganglia | lies in a vertical row on either side of vertebral column andextend from base of skull to coccyx |
| postganglionic axons from sympathetic trunk ganglia primarily | innervate organs above the diaphragm (head neck shoulders heart) |
| sympathetic trunk ganglia in the neck | superior, middle, and inferior cervical ganglia |
| because sympathetic trunk ganglia re near the spinal cord | the sympathetic preganglionic axons are short and sympathetic postganglionic axons are long |
| the prevertebral (collateral) ganglia | lies anterior to the vertebral column and close to the lg abdominal artiers |
| postganglionic axons from prevertebral ganglia | innervate organs below diaphragm |
| 5 major prevertebral ganglia | celiac ganglion, superior mesenteric ganglion, inferior mesenteric ganglion, aorticorenal ganglion, and renal ganglion |
| celiac ganglion | either side of celiac trunk, artery that is inferior to diaphragm |
| superior mesenteric ganglion | superior to mesenteric artery in the upper abdomen |
| inferior mesenteric ganglion | beginning of inferior mesenteric artery in middle of abdomen |
| aorticorenal ganglion and renal ganglion | near the renal artery of each kidney |
| preganglionic axons of parasympathetic division | synapse with postgangionalic neurons in the terminal ganglia , close to visceral organ |
| because terminal ganglia are located close to visceral organ | parasympathetic preganglionic axons are long and parasympathetic postganglionic axons are short |
| axons of sympathetic preganglion neurons connect with postganglic neurons by | in the first ganglion it reaches, in a ganglion superior or inferior to the first one it reaches or in a prevertebral ganglion by bypassing the sympathetic trunk ganglion |
| divergent circuit | a single sympathetic preganglionic fiber may synapse with 20 or more postganglionic neurons which is why the sympathetic response affect the entire body simultaneously |
| preganglionic neurons of the parasympathetic division | only synapses with 4 or 5 postsynaptic neurons all which supply a single visceral effector - response are localized to single effector |
| autonomic plexuses | tangled networks formed by parasympathetic and sympathetic neurons in the thorax abdomen and pelvis |
| autonomic plexuses contain | sympathetic ganglia and axons of autonomic sensory neurons |
| major plexuses in the thorax | cardiac plexus: supplies heart pulmonary plexus: supplies brochial tree |
| major autonomic plexus in the abdomen and pelvis | celiac (solar) plexus: large plexus and surrounds celiac turnk superior mesenteric plexus: sm and lg intestines inferior mesenteric plexus: innervates lg intestine |
| the celiac plexus contains | 2 large celiac ganglia, 2 aorticorenal ganglia and a dense network of autonomic axons and is distributed to stomach spleen pancreas liver gallbladder kidney testes and ovaries |
| preganglionic axons leave | the sinal cord along with the somatic motor neurons at the same segmental level and pass into the anterior root of a spinil cord, exit through the intervertebral foramina and pass into the anterior root of a spinal nerve and enter a white ramus |
| white ramus- white rami communicantes | short mylelinated pathway, contain sympathetic preganglionic axons that connect the anterior ramus of spinal nerve with ganglia of smpathtic trunk |
| what has white rami communicantes | thoracic and first 2 or 3 lumbar nerves |
| sympathetic trunk ganglia | extend inferiorly from the neck chest and abdomen to coccyz, they receive preganglionic asxons from the thoracic and lumbar segmnents of spinal cord |
| divisions of the cervical portion of each sympathetic trunk | superior: head and heart to sweawt glands smooth muscle of eye, blood vessels of face middle and inferior: innervate the heart |
| postganglionic neurons from thoracic sympathetic trunk | innervate the heart lungs bronchi and thoracic viscera |
| how axons leave the sympathetic trunk to effectors | enter spinal nerves, form cephalic periarterial nerves, form sympathetic nerves and can form splanchnic nerves |
| spinal nerves | f |
| gray ramus | short pathway in which postganglionic neurons from sympathetic trunk enter and merge with anterior ramus of spinal nerve |
| gray rami communicantes | strutures containing sympathetic postganglionic axons that connect ganglia of sympathetic trunk to spinal nerves |
| postganglionic neurons that leave sympathetic trunk to enter spinal nerves | provide innervation to effectors in the skin of neck trunk limbs sweat glands smooth muscle in blood vessels and hair follicles |
| cephalic periarterial nerves | preganglionic nerurons that ascend to superior cervical ganglion. innervation to effectors in skin of face and head (smooth muscle of eyes and salivary glands) |
| sympathetic nerves | extend to effectors in the thoracic cavity: innervation to heart and lungs |
| splanchnic nerves | extend to outlying prevertebral ganglia: abdominopelvic organ and adrenal medulla |
| parasympathetic preganglionic neurons | found in nuclei in the brain stem and in lateral gray matter of 2nd-4th sacral segments in spinal cord |
| parasympathetic preganglionic neurons emerge as | part of anterior root of spinal nerve or cranial nerve |
| cranial parasympathetic outflow | consists of preganglionic axons that extend from the brain stem in 4 cranial nerves |
| sacral parasympathetic outflow | conssits of preganglionic axons in anterior roots of 2nd through 4th sacral spinal nerves |
| preganglionic axons of both the cranial and sacral outflows end in | terminal ganglia where they synapse with postganglionic nerurons |
| cranial outflow has | 4 pairs of parasympathetic ganglia associated with the vagus nerve |
| 4 pairs of parasympathetic ganglia types | ciliary, pteryopalatine, submandibular, and otic ganglia |
| ciliary ganglia | lateral to optic nerve and azons pass with the oculomot nerves to the ciliary ganglia and innervate smooth muscles of eyeball |
| pterygopalatine | receive pregnagnlionic axons from facial nerve and send postganglionc axons to nasal mucosa palate pharynx and lacrimal glands |
Created by:
newmee32