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nutrition test #3
ch.8,9,10
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| vitamin is | a complex organic compound that the body cant make or make enough to maintain good health, |
| vitamins | they are naturally occurring in common foods |
| if missing vitamins | deficiency conditions occurs when it is missing from diet, can be fixed if deficiency is treated early |
| vitamins are | organic, no calories, micronutrients, and foods cotain very small amounts (ml or microgram) |
| fat soluble vitamins | A,D,E, and K are associated with lipids in foods and the body , do not dissolve in water or urine, stored in the body and may be toxic |
| water soluble vitamins | B and c vitamins, dissolve in watery components of foods and in the body (excreted in urine, most are not stored to a major extent, generally not toxic) |
| choline | generally referred to as vitamin like |
| vitamins may | have hormonal action , participate in certain chemical reactions, regulate certain body processes(cell division and development, growth of tissues) |
| vitamins do not supply energy but do participate in | chemical reactions that release the energy stored in macronutrients |
| antioxidants | a substance that gives up electrons to stabilize free radicals |
| oxidiation reactions can form | radicals or free radicals substances with an unpaired electron |
| oxidation | loss of electrons |
| reduction | gain of electrons |
| free radical | most are highly reactive substances chemically unstable (they have an unpaired electron), can remove an electron from a more stable molecule |
| free radical can remove electors from more stable molecules like | DNA, Protein, polyunsaturated fatty acid |
| how do antioxidants work | by giving up an electorn to a free radical an antioxidant protects other molecules (action stabilizes the free radical) |
| examples of antioxidants | beta carotene and vitamins E and C functions as antioxidants (carrots, pumpkin) |
| excess oxidation is believed to be responsible for | heart attack, stroke cancer and Alzheimers disease as well as contributing to aging process |
| sources of vitamins | natural sources(plants, animals, fungi, bacteria) synthetic-(made in labroatories by chemists) |
| most natural and synthetic vitamins forms have | equal activity in the body except natural citamin e, synthetic folate |
| natural vitamin e- | greater activity than synthetic |
| synthetic folate | greater activity than natural |
| enrichment | addition of specific amounts of thiamin riboflavin, niacin folic acid and the mineral iron to refined flours and milled grains (grains lose considerable amounts of natural vitamin/mineral contents during refinement |
| fortification | addition of one or more nutrients to a wide array of commonly eaten processed foods during their manufacturing |
| vitamin absorption | most absorption occurs in small intestine, not 100% efficient |
| absorption of vitamin increases | when more of the vitamin is needed for example growth, pregnancy m lactation |
| fat soluble are absorbed with | dietary fat some fat is needed in the diet |
| diseases that affect the gi tract can reduce vitamin absorption | cystic fibrosis |
| cystic fibrosis | interferes with fat digestion and fat soluble vitamin absorption (people with this may need to take supplemental sources of vitamins |
| deficiencies result from | poor diets or certain health conditions |
| in US severe deficiencies are uncommon because of | food preservation practices, food enrichment and fortification, widespread availability of fruits and vegetables |
| many Americans do not consume recommended amounts of | E, D and choline |
| population at risk for vitamin deficiency | elderly, alcoholics, hospitalized (long term), people with anorexia, certain gi disorders and rare metabolic conditions |
| two main factors that influence vitamin retention in product | length of time since harvest, storage conditions since harvest |
| vitamin susceptible to loss | Vitamin C, thiamin and folate are easily destroyed by improper storage and preparation practices |
| niacin and vitamin D | tend to be very stable |
| maximize vitamin contents | avoid buying wilted bruised or shriveled produce, store at near freezing temps in high humidity and air tight containers(criper), cook in small aounts of water, avoid cutting foods into small pieces that will be cooked, use quick cooking methods, fre |
| Vitamin A | retinol, beta carotene, |
| retinol | preformed A, most active form of the vitamin , only in animal foods |
| beta carotene | provitamin A- one of a few carotenoids (plant pigments) that the body can convert to retinol |
| major functions of vitamin a | normal vision and reproduction, cellular growth immune system function, epithelial cell production and maitenance |
| night blindness | not being able to see in dim light, is an early sign of vitamin a deficiency |
| the retina the light sensitive area inside each eye contains | rods and cones specialized nerve cells essential for vision, rods and cones need vitamin a to function properly |
| several foods with vitamin a | sweet potato beef liver pumpkin, carrots squash fish papaya milk |
| dietary adequacy for vitamin A | RDA-700-900, |
| vitamin a deficiency | certain epithelial cells produce too much keratin, |
| keratin- | touch protein found in hair nails and outermost layers of skin excess kertain, skin becomes rough and bumpy inner eyelid cells that secrete mucus to protect cornea can become keratinized |
| vitamin a toxicity | excess vitamin a (retinol may lead to liver damage, excess beta carotene(carotenemia) |
| carotenia- | excessive beta cortene yellowing of skin due to excessive beta carotene intake generally harmless may occur in infants |
| vitamin d is needed for | metabolism of the minerals calcium and phosphorus, and production and maintenance of healthy bones |
| PTH | released when blood calcium levels drop stimulates kidneys to increase active vitamin D production and decrease urinary calcium excretion |
| rickets | vitamin D deficiency |
| vitamin d and sunlight | people who live south of 37th parallel and are outdoors when sunglight is most intense are most likely synthesizing adequate prohormone D |
| vitamin D adequacy | RDA-15 mcg/day for adults < 70 years of age recommendations icrease |
| vitamin d deficiency | rickets(uncommon may develop in breastfed infants), osteomalacia''adult rickets'' |
| vitamin d toxicity | UL-100 mcg/d (4000 IU),too much calcium is absorbed excess deposited in kidneys heart and blood vessels |
| Vitamin E | alpha tocopherol, major fat soluble antioxidant found in cell (protects polyunsaturated fatty acids, improves vitamin A absorption, maintains nervous system and immune system function |
| vitamin E adequacy deficiency and toxicity | RDA-15 mg/d deficiency hemolysis, toxicity UL-1000 mg/d excess may interfere with vitamin Ks role in blood clotting |
| Vitamin K adequacy deficiency and toxicity | IA-120 mcg/d for men 90 women, defieciency- may occur in newborns or people with impaired liver function or absorption on long term antibiotic therapy, no toxicity known |
| water soluble vitamins | most function as components of specific coenzymes |
| coenzymes | small molecules that regulate chemical reactions by interacting w/enzymes (composed of B citamins and a nitrogenous containing substance) |
| coenzyme action | many enzymes require to function, once activated the enzyme-coenzyme complex enables the reaction to occur |
| thiamin | B1-functions-part of coenzyme involved in release energy from carbohydrates, metabolism of certain amino acids, synthesis of neurotransmitters |
| thiamin deficiencies | beriberi, Wernicke korsakoff syndrome |
| beriberi, | peope are weak have poor musculature coordination and may develop cardiovascular problems and edema note severe pitting edema in womans left leg |
| Wernicke korsakoff syndrome | typically seen in alcoholic because they don't eat well |
| riboflavin | b-2 , function as a coenzyme for metabolism of carbohydrates, lipids and amino acids |
| riboflavin RDA | 1.3 mg/d males 1.1 mg/d females deficiencies may occur in people who do not drink milk or eat enriched grains |
| riboflavin is naturally | yellow |
| niacin | part of two coenzymes that participate in at least 200 reactions |
| niacin deficiency | pellagra (four d's) dermatitis , diarrhea, dementia death |
| vitamin b-6 | part of coenzyme needed for amino acid metabolism , deficiency rarely occurs but signs and symptoms include dermatisis anemia convulsions, depressions and confusion |
| folate | folci acid (synthetic) and folacin part of coenzyme tetrahydofolic acid which is involved in DNA SYNTHESIS AND AMINO ACID METABOLISM CONVERSION OF homocytsteine to methionine |
| folate rda | 400 mcg/dfe/day |
| folate deficiency | affects cells such as rbc's that rapidly divide , |
| mature RBCs do not have nuclei and live | 4 months -without folate RBC precursor cells enlarge but cannot divide, bone marrow releases large immature abnormal RBC with nuclei( megaloblasts) into blood stream |
| neural tube defects | during first few weeks after conception the neural tube forms which develop into brain and spinal cord if folate deficient women are at risk |
| anencephaly | neural tube defect brain does not form properly |
| spina bifida | spine does not form properly before birth and fails to enclose the spinal cord |
| B-12 | part of coenzymens needed for folate metabolism and maintenance of myelin sheaths |
| absorption of dietary B-12 | in food is bound to proteins (HCL and pepsin required to release fromm proteins, must bind to intrisinc factor for absorption |
| b-12 deficiency | declining gastric acid production, alcoholism, gastric bypass certain medications |
| pernicious anemia | genetic defect reduces production of intrinsic factor resulting in poor b-12 absorption(signs and symptoms- megablastic anermia-, nerve damage, weakness memory loss, confusion |
| vitamin c | not part of coenzyme, collagen synthesis, antioxidant activity immune system functioning synthesis of bile and certain neurotransmitters, and hormones |
| vitamin C RDA- | 75-90 mg/d smokers have higher |
| vitamin c toxicity | UL is 2000 mg/d kidneys excrete excess amounts of the vitamin and oxalate a byproduct of vitamin C metabolism (increases risk of oxalate kidney stones particularly in susceptible persons |
| niacin as medicine | uses-given to lower LDL cholesterol and raise HDL, side effects flushing of skin on face and chest, itchy skin, gi tract |
| b-6 as medicine | help for symptoms of PMS, and carpal tunnel side effects of high doses -severe sensory nerve damage, walking difficulties and numbness of hands and feet |
| folic acid B.6 and B-12 as medicine | lowers blood homocysteine levels when taken together . cvd recent stuies of subjects with CVD suggest folic acid supplements do not reduce risk of having antoher heart attack , alzhemiers may be a relationship between mild cognitive impairment and folate |
| vitamin c a medicine | not prevent common cold but may reduce severity of infection, reduces oxidation of LDL |
| AMD | age related macular degeneration , diets that supply high amounts of certain caroteinoids may help lower this these people use peripheral vision |
| b vitamins raise | seratonin |
| vitamin C raises | antioxidants to free radicals |
| vitamin K | lowers bp |
| magnesium | relaxes blood vessels and muscles |
| water | comprised of 2 hydrogen atoms and 1 oxygen atom (needs no digestion and is easily absorbed in the digestive tract, |
| water makes up | 50-75% of body weight elderly 50-infants 75%, major solvent very essential without water death can occur w/in 1-2 weeks |
| functions of water in body | solvent, major component of body fluids, removes waste, protects body organs and tissues |
| membrane transport | water soluble substances may move within watery solutions by simple diffusion |
| simple diffusion | movement from a region of higher can centration to lower concentration |
| osmosis | movement of water through a selectively permeable membrane |
| intracellular water | water inside the cell 2/3 of body water is intracellular 66% of body water |
| extracellular water | water surrounding the cells or in the fluid portion of blood =plasma |
| hydration | water status |
| body water distribution | balance between intra and extracellular fluid is maintained by concentration of ions(intracellular of potassium and phosphate ions,or extracellular of and sodium and chloride ions) |
| maintaining proper hydration | hydration refers to water status shifts in ion concentration can affect proper hydration |
| hypertonic | is higher in solution, shrivels |
| total water intake | includes water in beverages and foods water weight of fruits and veg. typically range from 60-95% |
| body water is lost through what | urine, sweat tear respiration feces(insensible perspiration |
| insensible perspiration | body water that passes through the skin and isn't from sweat glands |
| typical fluid intake =fluid lost | average 2.5 qt/day 2500 ml |
| adequate intake(AL)for total water including water in foods is | young women=11 cups (2.7L), men-15.5 cups 3.7L |
| average intake per day of water | metabolic water =200, food=700 drink 1600, |
| kidneys | are the major regulator of the bodys water content and ion concentration, maintain proper hydration by filtering excess ions from the blood , remove excess and metabolic waste urea and uric acid--waste products of protein metabolism |
| water conservation | water conservation occurs when a person is hot and perspires heavily, hormones that participate in sodium and water conservation include ADH, aldosterone |
| diuretics | substances that increase urine output |
| two common diuretics | caffeine, alcohol |
| when the bodys fluid loses are greater than its input | dehydration occurs |
| weight loss is a sign of | dehydration (every 16 oz of water lost by the body represents 1 lb of body weight) |
| dehydration | 1-2%=fatigue and thirst, 4%=loss of muscular strength and endurance, 7-10% severe weakness. 20%=death |
| older adults dehydration | do not sense thirst as quickly |
| dehydration sick people | especially sick children with fever vomiting and diarrhea |
| water intoxication | too much water consumed at a time or conditions in which kidneys have difficulty filtering water fromm blood(excess water dilutes sodium concentration of blood disrupting water balance |
| 4 possible sign of water intoxication | dizziness headache confusion poor coordination, bizarre behavior seizures |
| minerals are | elements in earths rock soil and natural water sources |
| 15 minerals | are essential nutrients |
| classified as micronutrients because | they are required in very small amounts like mg or mcg amounts |
| mineral cannot be destroyed but they can be | lost from foods |
| diverse roles including | structural components of tissues, ions, blood clotting fluid balance acid base balance cofactors in chemical reactions, part of certain enzymes and hormones |
| sources of mineral most foods contain minerals | animal foods generally contain higher amounts of minerals than plant foods, |
| processing foods often | reduces mineral contents |
| bioavailabilty of minerals varies | in general minerals in animal foods are more easily absorbed than minerals in plant foods |
| tap water ''hard water'' | contains a variety of minerals including fluoride |
| dietary supplements | daily multi vitamin and mineral supplement is generally safe for healthy people |
| major mineral:Calcium | the most plentiful mineral in human body 99%is in bones and teeth 1% is in ECF |
| healthy adults absorb | 30% of calcium in food;increases during growth |
| absorption of calcium decreases | with advanced age, vitamin d deficiency diarrhea |
| functions of calcium include | bone formation and maintenance , structural component of teeth , muscle contraction , blood clot formation, nerve impulse transmission, cell metabolism |
| thyroid gland | secretes calcitonin when blood calcium is too high (stimulates special bone cells called osteoblasts (build bones)) |
| parathyroid glands | secretes pth, when blood calcium is too low stimulates osteoclasts(tears down unneeded bone |
| bones are constantly remodeled in response to stress includes two types of cells | osteoclasts, and osteoblasts |
| calcium dietary adequacy | AL 1000-1200 mg/d(adults |
| calcium toxicity | UL-2000 mg/d |
| why should you only take 500 mg at a time | you don't want a kidney stone you can only absorb 500 at a time |
| osteoporosis | chronic disease characterized by low bone mass and reduced bone structure, more than 10 million Americans have osteoporosis |
| osteoporosis contributors | consuming excess protein sodium and caffeine, menopause, family history smoking excessive alcohol prolonged bed rest certain medication, female , age ,small body frame |
| reducing risk of osteoporosis | begin early in life with proper diet, regular exercise (weight bearing exercise) |
| sodium is necessary | major positively charged ion in ecf, conducts nerve impulses involved in transporting glucose and amino acids into cells |
| sodium adequate intake | adequate intake 1500 mg/d |
| sodium deficiency and toxicity | may occur when >2 to 3% of body weight is lost through sweating, UL 2300 mg/d |
| hypertension | condition characterized by persistently elevated bp, affects 30% of americans |
| hypertenision increases risk of | heart disease, stroke, kidney failure |
| systolic pressure | max blood pressure within arteries when ventricles of the heart contract |
| diastolic pressure | pressure when ventricles relax between contractions |
| steps to reduce risk of hypertension | follow my pyramid healthy weigh no smoke lessen alcohol use |
| potassium K | major positively charged ion in intracellular fluid (needed for nerve impulses contractily muscles, normal kidney function potassium rich diets may reduce blood pressure |
| potassium AL | 4700 mg/d |
| magnesium | participates in >300 chemical reactions, roles the body include regulation of muscle and nerve function, maintenance of strong bones, strengthening ummune system |
| magnesium deficiency and toxicity | rare among healthy americns most likely older adults alvoholics and poorly controlled diabetics, results from ingesting excessive laxatives antacids or dietary supplements |
| iron Fe | iron is a component of hemoglobin and myoglobin |
| hemoglobin | iron containing protein in RBC that transport oxygen to tissues and some CO2 away from tissues |
| myoglobin | iron containg protein in muscle cells that controls oxygen uptake from RBC |
| iron is involved in | energy generation and immune function |
| digestive tract absorbs | 5-15% of iron (only 5% of iron from enriched grains is absorbed) |
| most iron stored as ferritin in the liver | iron broken down hemoglobin is recycled and incorporated into hemoglobin |
| iron dietary adequacy | RDA-WOMEN 18 MG MEN-8 MG/D |
| anemia impairs oxygen transport in | RBC |
| iron toxicity | UL-45 mg/d |
| iron overload:hereditary hemochromatosis | common hereditary disorder resulting in excess iron absorption |
| why is zinc necessary | component of about 100 enzymes, needed for wound healing normal sense of taste and smell, dna synthesis, immune function |
| zinc deficiency | often occurs in people with chronic digestive tract problems and exclusively breast fed ifants, associated with delayed sexual maturation and growth and alcoholics are at risk |
| zinc adequacy | adult RDA ranges from 8-11 mg/day |
| zinc toxicity | UL-40 mg/d may reduce hdl cholesterol level |
| iodine necessary | required for normal thyroid function and production of the thyroid hormone,controls rate of metabolism, |
| iodide adequacy and toxicity | RDA-150 MCG, UL-1.1 mg/d may result in enlargement of thyroid |
| dietary deficiency of iodide | goiter, cretinism |
| selenium | part of several proteins called selenoproteins, many of these are antioxidants that may reduce certain cancers |
| dietary adequacy deficiency and toxicity of selenium | Ault RDA-55 mcg, deficiency-may occur with sever digestive tract, toxicity UL-400 mcg/d |
| chromium (Cr) | may enhance insulins action on cell membranes , holds the door open for glucose entry into cells , |
| sources of chromium | widely distributed in foods |
| overweight and obestity are | conditions characterized by excessive and unhealthy amounts of body fat |
| most common place to find overweight or obesity | US |
| how many people suffer from being overweight or obese | 68% of American adults were either overweight or obese |
| percent of children overweight or obese | 20% 6-11 year olds, and 18 % 12-19 year olds |
| from the 68 % how many are overweight and how many are obese | 1/3 overweight and 1/3 obese |
| more than 1/2 all American adults are trying to do what | maintain or lose weight |
| national health care costs to treat obesity was | 147 billion in 2008 |
| prevention | key to fighting obesity |
| fat free mass is comprised of | body water mineral rich tissues and protein rich tissues |
| total body fat is comprised of | 1. adipose tissue 2.essential ?is in cell membranes certain bones and nervous tissue |
| adipose tissue | all cells contain some lipids but these cells store a droplet of fat |
| overeating may cause | increase in fat cell size and number |
| scientists think that once fat cells are formed they | remain unless die or are surgically removed |
| subcutaneous fat sub=under cutaneous= fat; | helps insulate the body, protects muscles and bones from injury |
| visceral fat | forms protective structure under abdominal muscles and over stomach and intestines |
| white fat | function to store fat |
| brown fat | contains more mitochondria and blood supply making it dark functions to generate heat found in upper back and abdomen of infants |
| underwater weighing | compares weight on land to weight when completely submerged in a tank of water |
| 3 problems with underwater weighing | inconvenient expensive impractical |
| dual energy x ray absorptiometry (DXA) | uses multiple low energy xray to scan body provides detailed picture of internal structures ;problems with this-very expensive and not widely available outside clinical setting |
| air displacement | assesses body volume, subject sit in bod pod chamber, volume of air in chamber with a person in it compared to volume without the person |
| bioelectrical impedance- | measure conduction of a weak electrical current through the body |
| pro/con of bioelectrical impedence | can be reliable if hydrated, accuracy is not always great |
| skinfold thickness | is measure at multiple body sites by trained person |
| pros/cons skinfold thickness | benefits-relatively easy and inexpensive to perform; problems may underestimate total body weight |
| healthy body fat percentage men | 13 to 21% |
| overweight body fat percentage men | 22-25% |
| obese body fat percentage men | 26-31% |
| healthy body fat percentage for women | 23-31% |
| overweight body fat percentage for women | 31-37% |
| obese body fat percentage for women | 38-42% |
| energy is | capacity to perform work |
| forms of energy in living things | heat, mechanical, chemical electrical |
| amount of energy is | constant (energy can be stored released moved or transformed from one form of energy to another |
| energy intake :biological fuels are | macronutrients in foods and beverages (glucose and fatty acids are the main fuels small amounts of amino acids are also metabolized for energy |
| energy is captured in the molecule | ATP |
| energy output: | expenditure energy cells use to carry out activities |
| output includes energy for | basal and resting metabolism, physical activity, themal effect of food (TEF) nonexercise activity thermogenesis (NEAT) |
| metabolism | sum of all chemical changes or reactions that constantly occur in living cells (anabolic or catabolic ) |
| anabolic | reactions requiring energy |
| catabolic | reactions releasing energy |
| factors that influence metabolic rate | thyroid hormone levels, gender age body surface area (height), calorie intake, fever ,stimulant drugs pregnancy and lactation recover after exercise |
| physical activity | increases energy needs above basal energy needs , caloric expenditure |
| caloric expenditure is dependent on what 4 | type of activity intensity duration weight of person |
| thermic effect of food(TEF) | energy used to digest foods and beverages and absorb and process the nutrients, typically 9-10 % of total caloric intake |
| nonexercise activity thermogenesis (NEAT) | energy yspent on involuntary skeletal muscle activity such as fidgeting shivering and maintaining musclce tone or body posture may account for an additional 100-800 calories a day |
| adult bmi status | below 18.5 underweight;18.5-24.9 healthy; 25-29.9 overweight 30-39.9 obese |
| bmi (body mass index) | numerical value of relationship between body weight and risk of certain chronic health problems |
| body fat distribution | excess body fat is more closely associated with obesity related diseases than the percentage of total body fat (heart disease type 2 diabetes) |
| central body obesity is characterized by | excessive abdominal or visceral fat that are often compared to an apple |
| lower body fat distribution | pear shape adds stress ot the hip and knee joints but carries lower risk for chronic diseases |
| measuring waist circumference | quick and easy way to determine obesity related risk (men <40, women <35) |
| hunger | uncomfortable feeling leading to a desire to eat |
| satiety | sense that enough food was eaten |
| protein (ghrelin | hormone secreted mainly by stomach that stimulates eating behavior |
| leptin (protein) | hormone secreted by adipose cells that reduce hunger and inhibits fat storage in the body |
| cck (protein) | hormone secreted by small intestine that reduces hunger |
| pyy(protein) | peptide secreted by intestines that reduces hunger |
| food consumption factors | high fat diets assiociated with excess kcal and obesity rates |
| high fructose intakes associated with weight gain because fructose may | not contribute to satiety, increase fatty acid synthesis |
| inherited characteritics that influence weight include | metabolic rate', hormone production, body frame size, pattern of fat distribution, |
| ''thrify metabolism'' | stores excess energy as fat |
| self point theory | scientific notion that body fat is genetically predetermined |
| environmental influences | the desire to eat to appealing food |
| environmental influences include | food advertising, increased portion sizes, conditions that reduce a persons physical activity |
| genes and environment interactions | childrens body weight are similar to that of their parents |
| other factors that influence weight | income, education, self esteem mood, boredom, social pressure |
| steps in planning weight loss plan | #1 determine whether weight loss is needed(consult a bmi table, and locate where you fall) #2 set reasonable and realistic goals |
| key factors of successful long term weight management | motivation, calorie reduction, regular physical activity, behavior modification |
| motivating factors include | recognition of need to change, weight loss triggers, medical recommendation to lose weight |
| commitment to lose weight and enjoy better health must be more important than? | the desire to overeat |
| loss of 1 lb of body fat requires | -3500 cal |
| behavior modification (analyze behaviors) | to identify cues and problem behaviors |
| cues | environmental factors that stimulate eating behavior (need to develop ways to change negative food related and or physical activity related behaviors |
| tips for modifying behaviors | keep fruits and vegetables and low cal snack on hand, don't skip meals , slow down, sit down in a dining area not in front of a tv |
| tips for better restaurant eating | avoid fried foods, request salad dressing on the side, choose pasta w/red sauce instead of white, avoid being a regular at eating out, check menu before going out |
| better grocery shopping | plan ahead, grocery shop aftereating |
| tips for modifying food and exercise related behaviors | planning menus, grocery shopping, food prep, eating behvaiors holidays and parties restaurants physical activity self monitoring rewards for new behvaiors changing negative thought patterns |
| community based weight loss programs to ask before joining | what is the cost?length of contract are special foods required, if nutritional counseling is provided does the counselor have appropriate traiing, does program emphasize lifestyle changes, does the programs advertising include questionable weightclaims |
| successful dieters how do they manage weight based on national weight control registry: | eat low calorie low fat diet, high carb diets,maintain same diet regimen every day, eat regular meals including breakfast, weigh themselves at least 1 a week exercise at least 60 min.burn 400 cal, eat a limited variets of bad foods |
| weight loss medication | orlistat (xenical, and alli) action reduces fat digestion by 30% side effects oily unpleasant feces and reduction in fat soluble vitamin absorption |
| bariatric surgical procedures | effective method of treating extreme obesity, surgery reduces size of stomach limiting the amount of foods that can be eaten, |
| after bariatric surgery | patients often achieve normal blood pressure, glucose and triglyceride levels |
| bariatric surgery complications | intestinal blockage and bleeding ulcer or blood clot formation (death due to complications occur in fewer than 1% of patients |
| adjustable gastric badning | small stomach pouch is created with an adjustable badn instead of fixed surgical staples tightness of the band determines size of stomach is reversible |
| liposuction is | surgical method of suctioning the excess fat out of the body, not considered an obesity treatment, |
| unreliable weight loss methods | americans spend over $50 billion on weight loss products and services, there are no reliable quick fixes for weight loss, it took months or years to lose it |
| characteristics of a typical fad weight loss diet | offers a quick fix, limits food selctions to few food groups, requires buying a book a various gimmicks promoters use outlandish |
| low carb approaches | ex.atikins scarsdale and four day wonder diet(initial rapid weight loss is linked to water loss |
| results of low carb approaches | indicate that after 6 months people on low carb diets lost more than people on low fat diets but after 1 year there was little or no difference in weight loss between the diet plans |
| very low fat approaches | diet limits fat to 5-10% of total calories results in rapid weight loss if followed consistency, very low fat diets are not harmful for healthy adults but adherence is very low |
| gaining weight:factors contributing to underweight | genetics lifestyle practices chronic diseases psychological disturbances cancer tb or aids |
| to gain weight | add high calorie healthy foods such as (granola cheese, olives avocados seeds) |
| disordered eating | excessive concern about body size and social pressure to avoid weight gain |
| eating disorders | diagnosed when disordered eating behaviors becomes a lifestyle, psychological disturbance that lead to certain physiological changes and serious health complications |
| anorexia nervosa | severe psychological disturbance characterized by self imposed starvation resulting in malnutrition and low body weight |
| bmi of anorexia | 17.5 or less |
| prevalence of anorexia | 90% of cases are females affects about 1 in 200 women |
| people with anorexia: | maintain bmis of 17.5 or less, have distorted body image, are obsessed with losing weight, avoid fattening foods, vomiting, laxatives, excessive exercise, use of appetite suppresents, display signs of hormonal imbalance, are depressed or anxious |
| bulimia nervosa | eating disorder characterized by cyclic episodes of bingeing and calorie restrictive dieting |
| bulimia prevalence | affects 1-4.2% of US pop more common in femals |
| characteristics of bulimia | scrapes or scars on knuckles, dental enamel erosion, blood chem abnormalities, particularly low potassium levels, swollen salivary glands tears and bleeding of esophagus |
| treatmet of bulimia | team approach similar to that used with anorexia may require use of antidepressants, |
| prognosis of bulimia | up to 60 % of cases improve w/treatment |
| other eating disorders | characterized by food binges not followed by purging, (more common in overfat people) |
| binge eating disorder(BED) | difficutl to estimate percentage of Americans who have, during binges peoson eats large aounts of energy dense foods in secret |
| night eating syndrome(NES) | person consumes considerable amounts of calories during evening and overnight |
| female athlete triad | low energy intakes, abnormal menstrual cycles, bone mineral irregularities |
| female athlete triad commonly seen in sports such as | gymnastics, swimming (estimated occurs in over 60%) |
| treatment goal of triad | improving patients nutritional state to reverse the signs and symptoms |
| permanent weight loss | commit to exercise, pump iron, get support, focus on your health , keep a diary, plan ahead watc portion sizes, eat slower, eat less fat more fiber, lose weight slowly |
Created by:
alexap