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Body Structures
The Skeletal System
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Skeletal system functions include supporting and stabilizing surrounding tissue such as | skin muscles, blood vessels, nervfes and adipose (fat) tissue |
| Skeletal system functions include protection of vital organs such as the | brain, spinal cord, heart, lungs |
| skeletal system functions include assisting in body movement (locomotion) by providing attachments for muscles that | pull on the bones |
| skeletal system functions include hematopoiesis which is the | production of blood cells |
| skeletal system functions include storing fat and mineral salts such as | calcium (Ca) and phosphorus (P) |
| located at the ends of the long bones and the center of all others is a meshwork of interconnecting sections called | cancellous (spongy) bone |
| the many spaces within cancellous (spongy) bone are filled with | red bone marrow AKA myeloid tissue |
| red bone marrow (myeloid tissue) is found in larger quantities in the | cranium (skull), ribs, vertebrae, sternum, pelvic bones |
| a common site for surgical extraction of red bone marrow is an | iliac crest |
| yellow bone marrow is found in the medullary (middle) cavity of the | shafts of the lond bones |
| yellow bone marrow is primarily composed of | fat cells AKA adipose tissue |
| the shaft of each long bone is called the | diaphysis |
| the distal (end) portion of the long bones are called the | epiphyses |
| the epiphyses are the sections of the long bones that | grow vertically AKA growth plates |
| the fibrovascular membrane covering bone is called the | periosteum |
| the tissue found between articulating bones (joints) that acts as a shock absorber and reduces friction is called | cartilage |
| cartilage can also be referred to as a | meniscus |
| the tissue that binds articulating bones together and allows a certain range of movement (ROM) is called | ligaments |
| tissue connecting muscle to bone is called a | tendon |
| the formation of bone is called | ossification |
| bone cells are called | osteocytes |
| osteocytes are classified as | osteoblasts and osteoclasts |
| osteoblasts will | build bone |
| osteoclasts will | remove (reabsorb) bone |
| what is required for osteoblasts to function? | weight bearing |
| what is required for the osteoclasts to function? | nothing |
| bones whose length exceeds their width are called | long bones |
| examples of long bones include | 2 clavicles, 2 humeri, 2 radii, 2 ulnae, 2 femurs, 2 tibiae, 2 fibulae, 10 metacarpals, 10 metatarsals, 20 phalanges |
| clavicles AKA | collar bones |
| humeri AKA | superior arm bones |
| radii AKA | inferior lateral arm bones |
| ulnae AKA | inferior medial arm bones |
| femurs AKA | superior leg bones (thighs) |
| tibiae AKA | anterior inferior leg bones (shins) |
| fibulae AKA | posterior inferior leg bones (little fibs) |
| metacarpals AKA | hand bones |
| metatarsals AKA | foot bones |
| phalanges AKA | fingers, toes, digits |
| the proximal (beginning) portion of each ulna is called the | olecranon AKA elbow |
| one finger, toe, or digit is called a | phalanx |
| bones without a shaft are called | short bones |
| EXAMPLES OF SHORT BONES | 16 carpals, 14 tarsals, |
| carpals AKA | wrist b2 ones |
| carpals are arranged in | 2 rows of 4 each |
| the carpals: | psisform, triquetrum, lunate, scaphoid, hamate, capitate, trapezoid, trapezium |
| tarsals AKA | ankle bones |
| tarsals are arranged in the | hind foot and forefoot |
| each hind foot consists of the | calcaneus (heel), talus, navicular, cuboid |
| each forefoot consists of the | medial cuneiform (first cuneiform), intermediate cuneiform (second cuneiform), lateral cuneiform (third cuneiform) |
| thin bones are found wherever there is a need for extensive muscle attachment or protection for soft or vital parts are called | flat bones |
| examples of flat bones include | one cranium (skull), one sternum (breast bone), 12 pairs of ribs, 2 scapulae (shoulder bones or blades), pelvic bones, 2 patellae (kneecaps) |
| the bones of the cranium (skull) include | 2 parietal bones (cranial roof), 1 frontal bone (forehead), 2 temporal bones (temples), occipital bone (posterior base of the cranium), zygomatic bones (cheek bones), maxilla (superior jaw), mandible (inferior jaw), nasal bone (bridge of nose),2 orbits |
| the 2 cranial cavities containing the eyes are called | orbits AKA eye sockets |
| the superior section of the sternum is called the | manubrium (handle) |
| the medial section of the sternum is called the | gladiolus (blade) |
| the inferior section of the sternum is called the | xiphoid process (tip) |
| ribs 1-7 are called | true ribs |
| true ribs AKA | vertebrosternal ribs |
| ribs 8-12 are called the | false ribs |
| false ribs AKA | vertebrochondral |
| the last 2 false ribs are also called | floating ribs AKA vertebral ribs |
| scapulae AKA | shoulder bones or shoulder blades |
| The lateral end of each scapula is called the | acromion process |
| the muscles that move each arm are attached to each scapula at the | coracoid process |
| the head of each humerus articulates with a | glenoid fossa |
| The bones of the pelvis include the | ilia, ischia, pubes |
| ilia, ischia and pubes singular | ilium, ischium, pubis |
| the patellae are AKA | kneecaps |
| the spinal column consists of | 7 cervical vertebrae, 12 thoracic vertebrae, 5 lumbar vertebrae |
| the most inferior section of the spinal column and the posterior section of the pelvis is called the | sacrum |
| the distal portion of the sacrum is called the | coccyx (tail bone) |
| a thick disk-shaped anterior portion of a vertebra pierced with numerous small holes for nerves and blood vessels that nourish the bone is called the | vertebral body |
| the passageway for the spinal cord is called the | vertebral (neural) foramen |
| the posterior projection (prominence) of each vertebra is called the | spinous process |
| the 2 lateral projections of each vertebra are called the | transverse processes |
| the posterior wall of each vertebral arch is called a | lamina |
| the sections that connect each vertebral body to a vertebral arch and are notched to allow passageway for spinal nerves are called | pedicles |
| the surface of any typical bone will exhibit certain | projections (prominences) and depressions (indentations) |
| the projections are referred to as | processes |
| the depressions are referred to as | fossae |
| any sharp slender projection is referred to as a | spine |
| a large projection usually serving for the attachment of tendons (muscles) or ligaments is referred to as a | tuberosity |
| a rounded or knuckle-like projection is referred to as a | condyle |
| a small round projection is refered to as a | tubercle |
| a very large projection is referred to as a | trochanter |
| a narrow ridge is referred to as a | crest |
| a terminal enlargement is referred to as a | bone head |
| a bone head is adjacent to the | neck |
| a narrow junction between 2 bones is referred to as a | suture |
| an opening through which blood vessels, nerves, and ligaments pass is referred to as a | foramen |
| a long tube-like passage is referred to as a | canal |
| a cavity within a bone is referred to as a | sinus or antrum |
| a furrow or groove is referred to as a | sulcus |
| the human body has how many bones | 206 |
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CandiRoque