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Neuro Module 5
Basal Ganglia
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| basal "ganglia" are actually: | basal nuclei |
| basal ganglia are ____ the CNS | within the CNS (the terminology is an exception, ganglia are usually outside the CNS) |
| basal ganglia location | they are masses of subcortical nuclei located centrally and deep in the cerebral hemispheres; the basal ganglia are anterior and lateral to the thalamus |
| basal ganglia are considered part of: | the extrapyramidal system |
| pyramidal | direct motor system/direct minimally synapsing link to LMNs |
| extrapyramidal | indirect motor systems/multi-synapsing link to LMNs |
| what kind of movements are the basal ganglia concerned with | course stereotyped movements, whereas the cerebral cortex is essential for more precise movements of limbs and speech gestures |
| basal ganglia play an important role in: | posture and muscle tone and in integration of motor activity |
| Along with the brainstem reticular formation and cerebellum, the basal ganglia inputs: | refine cortical motor directives (conveyed via pyramidal system) to the lower motor neurons |
| what are the three most important structures of the basal ganglia | globus pallidus-lateral to genu of IC and medial to putamen putamen-lateral to genu of IC and to globus pallidus caudate nucleus-medial to anterior limb of IC; most anterior of Basal Ganglia |
| the lenticular nucleus AKA lentiform nucleus is made up of | the putamen and globus pallidus |
| the striatum AKA neostriatrum is made up of | the putamen and caudate and sometimes the nucleus accumbens |
| nucleus accumbens | ventral part of striatum ventral to anterior limb of IC links to limbic system (receives imput from amygdala and hippocampal formation sends output to dorsal motor nucleus of thalamus) |
| the caudate and the lenticular nucleus together are called the: | corpus striatum. therefore the corpus striatum includes all the important structures of the basal ganglia |
| the nucleus accumbens and the globus pallidus both play a role in: | the planning and integrating of movements that are associated with motivational and emotional stimuli |
| to achieve the high degree of coordination that is required among the muscles of the body during motor functions, what nerve fibers interconnect? | cerebral cortex and basal ganglia in cerebrum thalamus and subthalamus in diencephalon red nucleus and substancia nigra in mesaencephalon cerebellum in hindbrain in rhombencephalon |
| the input nuclei of the basal ganglia include: | caudate, putamen, accumbens (striatum) |
| virtually all input to the basal ganglia arrive via the: | striatum |
| the main input to the basal ganglia comes from massive projections from the entire: | cerebral cortex |
| most inputs to the basal ganglia are excitatory and use ________________ as their neurotransmitter. | glutamate |
| the basal ganglia has several parallel pathways for different functions including | general motor control eyemovements cognitive functions emotional/affective functions |
| the output nuclei of the basal ganglia are primarily the: | globus pallidus and substancia nigra |
| stubstancia nigra function | conveys information for head and neck |
| globus pallidus | conveys information for the rest of the body (other than head and neck) |
| output of the basal ganglia is directed: | rostrally and is projected to motor nuclei of thalamus which in turn project to cortical areas |
| thalamic neurons convey information from BG to: | entire frontal lobe |
| none of the Basal ganglia projects: | caudally to lower brainstem or spinal cord |
| there are two predominant pathways from input to output of the basal gangli: | direct pathway: from striatum to directly to globus pallidus indirect pathway: which takes a detour from striatum first to globus pallidus then back to globus pallidus or substantia nigra |
| the caudate nucleus controls: | gross intentional bodily movements, both conscious and unconscious |
| the putamen works with: | the caudate to help execute movement patterns that are highly complex, such as technical and athletic skills |
| the subthalamic nucleus has a role in | walking and other gross rhythmic body movements |
| the substantia nigra role in : | muscle tone and movement smoothing and it is the main output pathway for the neurotransmitter, dopamine. |
| what causes parkinsons disease | dopamine deficiency that causes tremor and rigidity problems |
| the basal ganglia along with the cerebellum, provide the interface between: | our sensory systems and many motor responses |
| lesions to the extrapyramidal system, and therefore to basal ganglia, which are a part of the extrapyramidal system, result in: | movement disorders called dyskinesias. These are disorders characterized by release phenomenon and often by unwanted, extraneous movements. |
| the basal ganglia also have a role in _________ ___________ which is not well understood at this time. | cognitive behavior.(it is important to know this since some parkinsons patients have reduced cognitive function as well as motor function) |
| hyper kinetic | disorders are due decreased inhibitory output from basal ganglia (and therefore the cerebral cortex) |
| hypokinetic | disorders are due to increased inhibitory output from basal ganglia (and therefore the cortex) |
Created by:
sherbrry