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Development is ________, and ___________.
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AP HUG Development
AP HUG Development KI's 1&2
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Development | The proccess of improving the material conditions of people through diffusion of knowledge and technology. |
| Development is ________, and ___________. | Continuous, all countries are at some point of the development continuum. |
| MDC | A more developed country |
| LDC | A less developed country (also known as a developing country) |
| What does "developing country" imply? | That the country has made some progress and expects to continue. |
| What is the economic challenge for developed regions? | To maintain a high level development at the new scale of economy characterized by globalization. |
| What is the challenge for LDCS? | To find connections to the global economy by taking advantage of "local diversity" in skills and resources. |
| How do you distinguish a countries development level? | Economic, social, and demographic factors. |
| HDI | The human development index recognizes a countries level of development through those three factors. |
| Who uses the HDI | The UN |
| How do they create the HDI? | They select one economic factor, two social factors, and one demographic factor. |
| What is the economic factor? | The countries Gross Domestic Product per capita |
| What are the social factors? | Literacy rates and amount of education |
| What is the demographic factor? | Life expectancy |
| When did they start creating HDI's and how often is it done? | The UN computes HDIs for every country every year since 1990 |
| What is the highest HDI? | 1.0 |
| What country has the highest HDI? | Norway at 0.963 |
| What countries rank the highest? | Countries in Western Europe and Canada |
| What country scored the lowest HDI? | Niger with 0.281 |
| What countries score at the lowest end? | Sub Saharan African countries |
| Where did the US score? Why? | Tenth- because GDP and literacy rates were high, but high school drop out rates and inadequate health care brought down the life expectancy and education catagories. |
| Pay per hour in MDCS versus LDCS? | avg of $15 an hour vs $2 an hour |
| What minimum wage do MDCS usually have? | Minimum of atleast several dollars an hour |
| Why do geographers use GDP as an indicator? | because per capita income is hard to obtain. |
| GDP | Gross domestic product, the value of a total output of goods and services of a country per year. |
| Where does GDP exceed 60,000? | Luxembourg |
| Where does GDP exceed 30,000? | Most European Countries, Canada, and Japan |
| Where is GPD below 1000? | Countries in Africa and three in Asia |
| Annual capita in 2005 for MDCs vs LDCs | 27,000 vs 4,000 |
| Have LDC's improved their capita GDP? | Yes, 450% |
| Why is average per capita usually higher in MDCs than LDCs? | The jobs that they preform to earn their living |
| Three job categories? | primary, secondary and tertiary. |
| how do they compare the economic activities of countries? | by computing the sector of people who fall in each of these sectors. |
| primary sector | workers that directly extract materials from earth through agriculture and sometimes mining, fishing, and forestry. |
| secondary sector | workers that include manufacturers, people who process, transform, and assemble raw materials into useful products. |
| tertiary sector | work involves the provision of goods and services in exchange for payment (retail, banking, law, government) |
| How does the % of people working in Agriculture vary from MDCs and LDCs? | 60% in LDCS and 5% in MDCS |
| What is the first priority of all people? | To secure food to survive- a country with a high percentage of agricultural workers suggests that its people have to produce their own food for survival. |
| In countries where the Agriculture workers are low, ___________________________. | people can contribute to the countries wealth through other means of work. |
| Workers in MDC's are ________ than LDC's | productive |
| productivity | the value of a particular product compared to the amount of labor needed to make it |
| value added | gross value of the product minus the costs of raw materials and energies. |
| The value added per manufacturing worker MDC's vs LDC's | around 80,000 in the US and 70,000 in Japan, and 1,000 in China and 500 in India |
| why do workers in MDCs produce more with less effort? | they have access to more machines, tools, and equipment to perform most of the work. |
| development requires acces to what? | Raw materials that can be fashioned into useful products. |
| Why were the US and Russia superpowers in the 20th century | because they both possessed a large variety of raw materials and energy resources |
| Who was the first country to make it into being a developed country? Why? | the UK, because they had an abundant supply of coal and iron ore. |
| Where do the MDC's raw materials come from? | LDC's import raw materials to MDC's (africa and asia) |
| what does availability of raw materials and energy resources measure in the global economy? | a countries development potential, not its actual development. |
| If a country doesnt have lots of resources, how can they develop? some examples? | through world trade |
| what is the wealth generated in MDC's used for? | used to purchase goods and services |
| In North America, what does communication look like? | Cel phone ownership is lower than land line ownership, but higher in the rest of the world. |
| the higher level of development, the _________________ is a countries education. | greater quantity and quality |
| How do they measure quantity of education? | the average number of years a school student attends. |
| what is the assumption about school? | no matter how poor the school, the longer the pupils attend, the more likely they are to learn something. |
| how do they measure quality of education? | student/teacher ratio and literacy rate. |
| Why is a low student/teacher ratio good? | the fewer pupils a teacher has, the more likely that each student will recieve individual instruction. |
| MDCs vs LDCs- years of education? student/teacher ratio? | 10 years vs only a couple in LDC's, and student to teacher ratio is nearly double the size in LDC's as MDC's |
| Students in LDCs learn technical information how? | they are usually not printed in their native languages. |
| literacy rate | the % of a countries people who can read and write |
| what is the literacy rate in MDC's? In LDCs? | exceeds 98% vs less than 60% |
| Total expenditures on health care in LDCs? MDCs? | 8% of GDP in MDCs and 6% in LDCs (keep in mind the difference in GDP) |
| What influences the health of a population? | Diet |
| What is unique about US health care? | It is not provided by the government, like in Europe. In the US individuals pay 55% of health care. |
| Where are the highest levels of public assistance payments? | Countries like Denmark, Norway and Sweden. |
| what other demographic differences distinguish more and less developed countries? | infant mortality, natural increase, and crude birth rates. |
| How much longer are people expected to live in MDCs? | about 10 years for males and 13 years for females |
| how much higher is the number of young people over old people in LDCs? MDCs? | 6x higher versus about equal |
| Infant mortality rate in MDCs? | 99.5% survival rate |
| infant mortality rate in LDCs? | 94% survival rate |
| What causes fatal tetanus in india? | the use of a knife to cut an umbilical cord. |
| Natural increase rate in LDCs? | 1.5% annually, compared to 1/10th of a percent |
| What does greater natural increase strain? | a countries ability to provide hospitals, schools, jobs and other services that can make its people healthier and more productive. |
| Crude birth rate in LDCs vs MDCs? | 24 per 1000 in LDCs vs 11 per 1000 in MDCs. |
| _________ does not indicate a societies level of development. | the crude death rate |
| Why does the CDR not indicate development? | because MDCs have a higher percentage of older people. |
| How many development regions are there? | nine regions with distinctive demographic and cultural characteristics |
| what two regions dominate the western hemisphere? | Anglo America and Latin America |
| What two regions split europe? How do they differ? | Western and Eastern, differing levels of economic development |
| What are the Asian regions? | East South Southeast and Southwest, though southwest is often combined with North Africa to form the middle east. |
| What is the 9th region? | Africa south of the Sahara |
| What two other important areas can be identified? | Japan and the South Pacific. |
| Why is Japan different? | There cultural and demographic characteristics contrast greatly with the other east asian states |
| Why is the South Pacific unique? | Australia and New Zealand cover an extensive amount of the earths surface but is much less populous. |
| What does the distribution of developed vs non developed countries look like? | If you divide the world into north and south halves at the 30 degree latitude mark, its shown that nearly all MDCs are to the north while LDCs are to the south |
| What is this division known as? | the north south split |
| Which regions are considered developed? (in order of highesst HDIs) | Anglo America, Western Europe, Eastern Europe, plus Japan and the South Pacific |
| What is unique about Anglo America? | the language and religious patterns are less diverse in anglo america than in other world regions |
| What language and religion do Anglo Americans usually adhere to? | English and christianity (more than 90%) |
| What does the Anglo American homogeneity reduce the possibility of? | the possibility that a large minority will be excluded from participating in the regions economy based on cultural characteristics. |
| What is Anglo America the highest provider of? | high tech services, as wel as entertainment and any other services that promote use of leisure time. |
| Why does Western Europe display cultural unity? | becuause nearly all western europeans speak an indo-european language and adhere to christianity |
| When did Western Europe become more unified? | After the end of WWII in 1945 |
| Who is responsible for Western Europeans population growth? | Immigrants from LDCs (usually muslims and hindus) |
| How does western europe pay for their imports? | value goods and services (such as insurance, banking, luxury motor vehicles like bmw and mercedes benz) |
| Why is Western Europe the worlds largest and richest market? | the elimination of economic barrier within the European Union. |
| What makes eastern europes HDI unique? | they are the only region where the HDI has decreased significantly |
| Why has their HDI declined? | History of commuist rule, Iron curtain |
| Why is japans development so unique? | they have an extremely unfavorable population:resources ratio |
| What does the country have in high amounts? | intensely farmed land and highest physiological densities |
| how has japan become such a great industrial power? | a lot of people are willing to work hard for low wages- startede by selling low cost products than began to specialize in high quality high value products such as electronics, motor vehicles, and cameras |
| Why is the south pacific not central to the global economy? | because of its small population and peripheral location |
| less developed regions | latin america, east asia, middle east, southeast asia and south asia |
| where is latin america development highest and why? | along the south atlantic coast due to high agricultural productivity |
| why has mexicos development been aided? | proximity to the united states |
| where in latin america is development lower? | central america, caribbean islands, and the interior of south america. |
| what hinders the development of Latin america? | unequal income distribution |
| what country drives the economy of east asia? | china, the second largest economy behind the US |
| how much of the worlds economic growth does china account for? | 1/3 |
| what is china known for? | development of consumer products like detergent, shampoo and toothpaste |
| why are most products imported into the Middle East? | because much of the middle east is desert that can contain only sparse concentrations of plant and animal life. |
| what is the middle easts one major economic asset? | a large % of the worlds petroleum reserves |
| the middle east is only one of the nine regions that __________________________. | exports more than it imports. |
| where are petroleum reserves concentrated? | in states that border the persian gulf |
| why is the development level lower than the regions wealth? | low level of literacy in women |
| ADHI | alternative human development index- points to three major causes for the low HDI, lack of political freedom, low education and literacy rates, and lack of opportunities for women. |
| what limits cultivation of grains? | the intense tropical climate |
| other landforms that hinder economic development? | mountain ranges, active volcanoes, frequent typhoons, and occasional tsunamis. |
| What created a rapid rate of increase in Southeast Asia? | western medicine and technology were imported |
| what do farmers in south east asia harvest? | products used in manufacturing, such as coconut oil and natural rubber. |
| what does southeast asia manufacture? | textiles and clothing |
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