Help
Options
Didn't know it?
click below
click below
Knew it?
click below
click below
Don't Know
Remaining cards (0)
Know
retry
shuffle
restart
0:00
Embed Code - If you would like this activity on your web page, copy the script below and paste it into your web page.
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Normal Size Small Size show me how
socl exam 2
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| a collection of people who exist in the same place at the same time, but who don't interact or share a sense of identity | aggregate |
| a leader who issues orders and assigns tasks | authoritarian leader |
| are formal organizations characterized by a hierarchy of authority, a clear division of labor, explicit rules, and impersonality | bureaucracies |
| people who share similar characteristics but who are not connected in any way | category |
| refers to the fact that each individual in a bureaucracy has a specialized task to perform | clear division of labor |
| are organizations that people do not voluntarily join, such as prison or a mental hospital | coercive organizations |
| the extent to which an individual complies with group or societal norms | conformity |
| a leader who encourages group participation and consensus-building before moving into action | democratic leader |
| a two-member group | dyad |
| the types of rules in a bureaucracy; rules that are outlined, recorded, and standardized | explicit rules |
| a group function that serves an emotional need | expressive function |
| a leader who is concerned with process and with ensuring everyone’s emotional wellbeing | expressive leader |
| large, impersonal organizations | formal organizations |
| the amount that information from a specific example can be generalized to apply to the overall population | generalizability |
| any collection of at least two people who interact with some frequency and who share some sense of aligned identity | group |
| a clear chain of command found in a bureaucracy | hierarchy of authority |
| the theory that an organization is ruled by a few elites rather than through collaboration | Iron Rule of Oligarchy |
| the removal of personal feelings from a professional situation | impersonality |
| a group a person belongs to and feels is an integral part of his identity | in-group |
| being oriented toward a task or goal | instrumental function |
| a leader who is goal oriented with a primary focus on accomplishing tasks | instrumental leader |
| a hands-off leader who allows members of the group to make their own decisions | laissez-faire leader |
| the main focus or goal of a leader | leadership function |
| the style a leader uses to achieve goals or elicit action from group members | leadership style |
| the increasing presence of the fast food business model in common social institutions | McDonaldization |
| a bureaucracy where membership and advancement is based on merit—proven and documented skills | meritocracy |
| organizations that people join to pursue shared interests or because they provide some intangible rewards | normative or voluntary organizations |
| a group that an individual is not a member of, and may even compete with | out-group |
| small, informal groups of people who are closest to us | primary groups |
| groups to which an individual compares herself | reference groups |
| larger and more impersonal groups that are task-focused and time limited | secondary groups |
| an organization in which participants live a controlled lifestyle and in which total resocialization occurs | total institution |
| a three-member group | triad |
| organizations that are joined to fill a specific material need | utilitarian organizations |
| What does a Functionalist consider when studying a phenomenon like the Occupy Wall Street movement? | How the movement contributes to the stability of society by offering the discontented a safe, controlled outlet for dissension |
| What is the largest difference between the Functionalist and Conflict perspectives and the Interactionist perspective? | The first two perspectives address large-scale issues facing groups, while the last examines more detailed aspects. |
| What role do secondary groups play in society? | They are transactional, task-based, and short-term, filling practical needs. |
| When a high school student gets teased by her basketball team for receiving an academic award, she is dealing with competing ______________. | reference groups |
| Which of the following is NOT an example of an in-group? a. The Ku Klux Klan b. A fraternity c. A synagogue d. A high school | d. A high school |
| What is a group whose values, norms, and beliefs come to serve as a standard for one's own behavior? | Reference group |
| A parent who is worrying over her teenager’s dangerous and self-destructive behavior and low selfesteem may wish to look at her child’s: a. reference group b. in-group c. out-group d. All of the above | d. All of the above |
| Two people who have just had a baby have turned from a _______ to a _________. | dyad; triad |
| Who is more likely to be an expressive leader? a. The sales manager of a fast-growing cosmetics company b. A high school teacher at a reform school c. The director of a summer camp for chronically ill children d. A manager at a fast-food restaurant | c. the director of a summer camp for chronically ill children |
| Which of the following is NOT an appropriate group for democratic leadership? a. A fire station b. A college classroom c. A high school prom committee d. A homeless shelter | a. A fire station |
| In Asch’s study on conformity, what contributed to the ability of subjects to resist conforming? a. A very small group of witnesses b. The presence of an ally c. The ability to keep one’s answer private d. All of the above | d. All of the above |
| Which type of group leadership has a communication pattern that flows from the top down? a. Authoritarian b. Democratic c. Laissez-faire d. Expressive | a. Authoritarian |
| Which is NOT an example of a normative organization? a. A book club b. A church youth group c. A People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals (PETA) protest group d. A study hall | d. A study hall |
| Which of these is an example of a total institution? a. Jail b. High school c. Political party d. A gym | a. Jail |
| Why do people join utilitarian organizations? | Because they receive a tangible benefit from joining |
| Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of bureaucracies? a. Coercion to join b. Hierarchy of authority c. Explicit rules d. Division of labor | a. Coercion to join |
| What are some of the intended positive aspects of bureaucracies? a. Increased productivity b. Increased efficiency c. Equal treatment for all d. All of the above | d. All of the above |
| What is an advantage of the McDonaldization of society? | There is more worldwide availability of goods. |
| What is a disadvantage of the McDonaldizaiton of society? | There is less variety of goods. |
| theory that states social control is directly affected by the strength of social bonds and that deviance results from a feeling of disconnection from society | control theory |
| crime committed by white-collar workers in a business environment | corporate crime |
| the system tasked with supervising individuals who have been arrested for, convicted of, or sentenced for criminal offenses | corrections system |
| a system that has the authority to make decisions based on law | court |
| a behavior that violates official law and is punishable through formal sanctions | crime |
| an organization that exists to enforce a legal code | criminal justice system |
| theory that suggests conformity to the prevailing cultural norms of lower-class society causes crime | cultural deviance theory |
| a violation of contextual, cultural, or social norms | deviance |
| theory that states individuals learn deviant behavior from those close to them who provide models of and opportunities for deviance | differential association theory |
| sanctions that are officially recognized and enforced | formal sanctions |
| attacks based on a person’s race, religion, or other characteristics | hate crimes |
| sanctions that occur in face-to-face interactions | informal sanctions |
| the ascribing of a deviant behavior to another person by members of society | labeling theory |
| codes that maintain formal social control through laws | legal codes |
| a label that describes the chief characteristic of an individual | master status |
| punishments for violating norms | negative sanctions |
| crimes that involve the destruction or theft of property, but do not use force or the threat of force | nonviolent crimes |
| a civil force in charge of regulating laws and public order at a federal, state, or community level | police |
| rewards given for conforming to norms | positive sanctions |
| a small group of wealthy and influential people at the top of society who hold the power and resources | power elite |
| a violation of norms that does not result in any long-term effects on the individual’s self-image or interactions with others | primary deviance |
| the means of enforcing rules | sanctions |
| occurs when a person’s self-concept and behavior begin to change after his or her actions are labeled as deviant by members of society | secondary deviance |
| collection of data acquired using voluntary response methods, such as questionnaires or telephone interviews | self-report study |
| the regulation and enforcement of norms | social control |
| theory that asserts crime occurs in communities with weak social ties and the absence of social control | social disorganization theory |
| an arrangement of practices and behaviors on which society’s members base their daily lives | social order |
| theory that addresses the relationship between having socially acceptable goals and having socially acceptable means to reach those goals | strain theory |
| crime committed by average people against other people or organizations, usually in public spaces | street crime |
| activities against the law, but that do not result in injury to any individual other than the person who engages in them | victimless crime |
| crimes based on the use of force or the threat of force | violent crimes |
| Which of the following best describes how deviance is defined? a. by federal, state, and local laws. b. Deviance's definition is determined by one’s religion. c. occurs whenever someone else is harmed by an action. d. Deviance is socially defined. | d. Deviance is socially defined |
| During the civil rights movement, Rosa Parks and other black protestors spoke out against segregation by refusing to sit at the back of the bus. This is an example of ________. | An act of deviance |
| A student has a habit of talking on her cell phone during class.One day,the professor stops his lecture and asks her to respect the other students in the class by turning off her phone. In this situation, the professor used ____ to maintain social control | Informal negative sanctions |
| Societies practice social control to maintain ________. | social order |
| One day, you decide to wear pajamas to the grocery store. While you shop, you notice people giving you strange looks and whispering to others. In this case, the grocery store patrons are demonstrating _______. | informal sanctions |
| According to C. Wright Mills, which of the following people is most likely to be a member of the power elite? a. A war veteran b. A senator c. A professor d. A mechanic | b. A senator |
| According to social disorganization theory, crime is most likely to occur where? | A community where neighbors don't know each other very well |
| Shaw and McKay found that crime is linked primarily to ________. | wealth |
| According to the concept of the power elite, why would a celebrity such as Charlie Sheen commit a crime? | Because his fame protects him from retribution |
| A convicted sexual offender is released on parole and arrested two weeks later for repeated sexual crimes. How would labeling theory explain this? | The offender has been labeled deviant by society and has accepted a new master status. |
| ______ deviance is a violation of norms that ______result in a person being labeled a deviant. | Primary; does not |
| Which of the following is an example of corporate crime? a. Embezzlement b. Larceny c. Assault d. Burglary | a. Embezzlement |
| Spousal abuse is an example of a ________. | violent crime |
| Which of the following situations best describes crime trends in the United States? | a. Rates of violent and nonviolent crimes are decreasing |
| What is a disadvantage of the National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS)? | The NCVS may be unable to reach important groups, such as those without phones. |
| a system in which people are born into a social standing that they will retain their entire lives | caste system |
| social standing based on social factors and individual accomplishments | class system |
| also called class markers, the typical behaviors, customs, and norms that define each class | class traits |
| a group who shares a common social status based on factors like wealth, income, education, and occupation | class |
| buying and using products to make a statement about social standing | conspicuous consumption |
| thesis that argues some social stratification is a social necessity | Davis-Moore thesis |
| a lowering of one's social class | downward mobility |
| unions of people within the same social category | endogamous marriages |
| unions of spouses from different social categories | exogamous marriages |
| a comparison of the wealth, economic stability, status, and power of countries as a whole | global stratification |
| the money a person earns from work or investments | income |
| a difference in social class between different generations of a family | intergenerational mobility |
| a difference in social class between different members of the same generation | intragenerational mobility |
| an ideal system in which personal effort—or merit—determines social standing | meritocracy |
| a law stating that all property passes to the firstborn son | primogeniture |
| the ability to change positions within a social stratification system | social mobility |
| a socioeconomic system that divides society’s members into categories ranking from high to low, based on things like wealth, power, and prestige | social stratification |
| the level of wealth available to acquire material goods and comforts to maintain a particular socioeconomic lifestyle | standard of living |
| the consistency, or lack thereof, of an individual’s rank across social categories like income, education, and occupation | status consistency |
| when societal changes enable a whole group of people to move up or down the class ladder | structural mobility |
| an increase—or upward shift—in social class | upward mobility |
| the value of money and assets a person has from, for example, inheritance | wealth |
| What factor makes caste systems closed? | People cannot change their social standings. |
| What factor makes class systems open? | They allow for movement between the classes. |
| Which of these systems allows for the most social mobility? a. Caste b. Monarchy c. Endogamy d. Class | d. Class |
| Which person best illustrates opportunities for upward social mobility in the United States? | First-generation college student |
| Which statement illustrates low status consistency? | c. A college dropout launches an online company that earns millions in its first year. |
| Based on meritocracy, a physician’s assistant would: | earn a pay raise for doing excellent work |
| In the United States, most people define themselves as: a. middle class b. upper class c. lower class d. no specific class | a. middle class |
| Structural mobility occurs when: | a large group moves up or down the class ladder due to societal changes |
| The behaviors, customs, and norms associated with a class are known as: | class traits |
| Occupational prestige means that jobs are: | not equally valued |
| Social stratification is a system that: | ranks society members into categories |
| Which graphic concept best illustrates the concept of social stratification? a. Pie chart b. Flag poles c. Planetary movement d. Pyramid | d. Pyramid |
| The GNI PPP figure represents: a. a country’s total accumulated wealth b. annual government spending c. the average annual income of a country’s citizens d. a country’s debt | c. the average annual income of a country's citizens |
| The basic premise of the Davis-Moore thesis is that the unequal distribution of rewards in social stratification: | serves a purpose in society |
| Unlike Davis and Moore, Melvin Tumin believed that, because of social stratification, some qualified people were _______ higher-level job positions. | denied the opportunity to obtain |
| When Karl Marx said workers experience alienation, he meant that workers: | do not feel connected to their work |
| Conflict theorists view capitalists as those who: a. are ambitious b. fund social services c. spend money wisely d. get rich while workers stay poor | d. get rich while workers stay poor |
| the state where one is barely able, or unable, to afford basic necessities | absolute poverty |
| the movement (flight) of capital from one nation to another, via jobs and resources | capital flight |
| a form of slavery in which one person owns another | chattel slavery |
| dominant capitalist countries | core nations |
| the buildup of external debt, wherein countries borrow money from other nations to fund their expansion or growth goals | debt accumulation |
| when people pledge themselves as servants in exchange for money for passage, and are subsequently paid too little to regain their freedom | debt bondage |
| the loss of industrial production, usually to peripheral and semi-peripheral nations where the costs are lower | deindustrialization |
| theory which states that global inequity is due to the exploitation of peripheral and semi-peripheral nations by core nations | dependency theory |
| a term from the Cold War era that is used to describe industrialized capitalist democracies | first world |
| a term that describes stigmatized minority groups who have no voice or representation on the world stage | fourth world |
| a pattern that occurs when women bear a disproportionate percentage of the burden of poverty | global feminization |
| the concentration of resources in core nations and in the hands of a wealthy minority | global inequality |
| the unequal distribution of resources between countries | global stratification |
| the income of a nation calculated based on goods and services produced, plus income earned by citizens and corporations headquartered in that country | gross national income (GNI) |
| a theory that low-income countries can improve their global economic standing by industrialization of infrastructure and a shift in cultural attitudes towards work | modernization theory |
| nations on the fringes of the global economy, dominated by core nations, with very little industrialization | peripheral nations |
| the state of poverty where one is unable to live the lifestyle of the average person in the country | relative poverty |
| a term from the Cold War era that describes nations with moderate economies and standards of living | second world |
| in-between nations, not powerful enough to dictate policy but acting as a major source of raw materials and an expanding middle class marketplace | semi-peripheral nations |
| a state of poverty composed of many dimensions, subjectively present when one’s actual income does not meet one’s expectations | subjective poverty |
| a term from the Cold War era that refers to poor, unidustrialized countries | third world |
| an unregulated economy of labor and goods that operates outside of governance, regulatory systems, or human protections | underground economy |
| A sociologist who focuses on the way that multinational corporations headquartered in core nations exploit the local workers in their peripheral nation factories is using a _________ perspective to understand the global economy. | conflict theory |
| A___perspective theorist might find it particularly noteworthy that wealthy corporations improve the quality of life in peripheral nations by providing workers with jobs, pumping money into the local economy, and improving transportation infrastructure | functional |
| A sociologist working from a symbolic interaction perspective would: | want to interview women working in factories to understand how they manage the expectations of their supervisors, make ends meet, and support their households on a day-to-day basis |
| France might be classified as which kind of nation? a. Global b. Core c. Semi-peripheral d. Peripheral | b. Core |
| In the past, the United States manufactured clothes. Many clothing corporations have shut down their American factories and relocated to China. This is an example of: a. conflict theory b. OECD c. global inequality d. capital flight | d. capital flight |
| Slavery in the pre-Civil War American South most closely resembled a. chattel Slavery b. debt Bondage c. relative Poverty d. peonage | a. chattel Slavery |
| Maya is a 12-year-old girl living in Thailand. She is homeless, and often does not know where she will sleep or when she will eat. We might say that Maya lives in _________ poverty. | absolute |
| Mike, a college student, rents a studio apartment. He cannot afford a television and lives on cheap groceries like dried beans and ramen noodles. Since he does not have a regular job, he does not own a car. Mike is living in: | relative poverty |
| One flaw in dependency theory is the unwillingness to recognize _______. | a. that previously low-income nations such as China have successfully developed their economies and can no longer be classified as dependent on core nations |
| One flaw in modernization theory is the unwillingness to recognize _________. | its inherent ethnocentric bias |
| If a sociologist says that nations evolve towards more advanced technology and more complex industry as their citizens learn cultural values that celebrate hard work and success, she is using _______ theory to study the global economy. | modernization theory |
| If a sociologist points out that core nations dominate the global economy, in part by creating global interest rates and international tariffs that will inevitably favor high-income nations over low-income nations, he is a: | dependency theorist |
| Dependency theorists explain global inequality and global stratification by focusing on the way that: | core nations exploit peripheral nations |
Created by:
kenzey11