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E3SOILS
puzzles, chapter 3, reading
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| epipedon: Modified by humans due to repeated additions of manures | plaggen |
| soil is dry for at least one half of the growing season and moist less than 90 consecutive days | aridic |
| Mediterranean climate- cool, moist winters, dry summers with long periods of drought in summer | xeric |
| cemented gypsic horizon | petrogypsic |
| illuvial horizon, accumulation of organic matter and Fe or Al oxides, found in forest soils, humid climates on sandy parent materials in acidic environment | spodic |
| epipedon: very dark color due to less .6% organic c, very fertile, common to grasslandsand | mollic |
| materials are densely packed, brittle, they resist water movement and penetration of plant roots; a type of pan | fragipan |
| epipedon, 20-60 cm thick, composed of organic materials, usually black or brown | histic |
| soil saturated for periods of time allowing for reduction of iron | aquic |
| horizon with an accumulation of silicate clays; clay skins are often present | Argillic |
| generally adequate available moisture for plants during growing season, but some periods of drought may occur | ustic |
| epipedon, too light, thin, or too low in organic C to be Mollic or Umbric | ochric |
| Soil moisture is sufficiently high enough year round to meet plant needs | udic |
| accumulation of gypsum, illuvial horizon | gypsic |
| horizon with jarosite, highly acid. Sulfur present | sulfuric |
| light colored eluvial horizon, low in clay, Fe, AL-eluvial horizon | albic |
| epipedon: Modified by humans, high P content (shells) | anthropic |
| accumulation of soluble salts, arid and semi-arid regions | salic |
| diagnostic horizon that occurs at the soil surface | epipedon |
| cemented calcic horizon | petrocalcic |
| epipedon:, similar to Mollic but less fertile, common to high areas of rainfall | umbric |
| an argillic horizon with an accumulation of silicate clay, has > 15% exchangeable sodium. | natric |
| accumulation of calcium carbonates, illuvial horizon | calcic |
| epipedon: very black; > 6% organic C; usually develops in volcanic ash-light and fluffy; 30 cm thick | melanic |
| more weathered than an argillic horizon- accumulations of low activity silicate clays, Fe and Al oxides- illuvial horizon | kandic |
| horizon, highly weathered, high content of Fe and Al oxides, < 10% weatherable minerals | oxic |
| Entisols | least developed soils, young soils, may have Ochric epipedon, typical of steep slopes, floodplains |
| Inceptisols | a little more developed than Entisols, may have a Cambic horizon, soils that have elluviated, but do not show strong illuviation |
| Mollisols | Must have a Mollic epipedon and a base saturation > 50% through out the entire horizon; the most fertile, productive soil order (breadbasket), high humus content, formed under grassland vegetation |
| Alfisols | have an argillic horizon, a base saturation > 35%, very fertile – second only to Mollisols, |
| Ultisols | very weathered soils, warm, humid areas of the southeastern US, % base saturation to < 35%, argillic horizons, Umbric or Ochric epipedons, Kaolinitic clays |
| Oxisols | most highly weathered soils,few weatherable minerals remain, mostly composed of Fe and Al oxides, kaolinitic clays, Oxic horizon is required, may have plinthite,soils of tropical areas |
| Histosols | Organic soils > 12% organic carbon, high water retention, high cation exchange capacity, low bulk density, form in cold |
| Andisols | volcanic soils, weak to moderately developed, low bulk density, amorphous clays, Melanic epipedons |
| Gelisols | cold regions where permafrost is found close to the soil surface, fragile soils |
| Aridisols | dry more than 6 months per year, Ochric epipedons, accumulations of salts, carbonates, low organic matter accumulation due to lack of vegetation |
| Spodosols | must have sandy parent material, very acid, typically under coniferous forests, Florida sands |
| Vertisols | > 30 % clay, shrink – swell clays, gilgai topography, slickensides present, Buildings & foundations crack |
| Thermic | temperature regime for Cookeville |
| Mesic | temperature regime for the Cumberland Plateau |
| Frigid | temperature regime for elevations above 4500 ft in the Great Smoky Mountains |
| epipedons is the organic matter level generally lowest | ochric |
| epipedons is the organic matter level generally highest and a low density | histic |
| soil moisture regime has the highest soil moisture levels | aquic |
| subsurface diagnostic horizons would you expect to find in a highly weathered soil of the humid tropics | oxic |
| expect to find in a soil in Tennessee | argillic |
| 6. Which of the following diagnostic horizons would likely not restrict root growth in soils | albic |
| 7. Which of the following soil temperature regimes would provide the warmest and least variable soil temperatures | isohyperthermic |
| 8. Which of the following categories of Soil Taxonomy provides the greatest specificity of soil properties | series |
| 9. A soil has a thick black A horizon, a distinct B horizon, has reasonably stable soil structure, and was formed under grassland natural vegetation. Base saturation is > 50% in all horizons. In which suborder, is it most likely classed | Udolls |
| 10. Soils in this order are commonly sandy in texture, quite acidic and develop primarily under coniferous trees in cool to cold climates | Spodosols |
| soil orders that would have recent alluvium most likely be a common parent material | Entisols |
| 12.Soils in which of the following suborders would more likely occur in Alaska than in Texas | Orthels |
| 13. If soils are to be used for crop production, for which soil order would land drainage be most critical | Histosols |
| 14. You have a soil on your farm with a base saturation of 25%. It has an Ochric epipedon and an argillic subsurface diagnostic horizon. Which of the following soil orders would best describe this soil | Ultisol |
| 15. Which of the following describes a soil likely to contain a significant content of low activity clays | A Oxisol in Central Brazil |
| 16. While investigating the soils of northern Canada in summer, you dig a soil pit easily through fairly uniform peat material until, at 75 cm deep, your shovel hits a layer that is frozen solid. Into which type of soil are you most likely digging | Histel |
| 17. A horizon designated as a Bt would likely have ___. | an accumulation of clay |
| 18. You look up the soil series for the main soil type at your home. The classification is: Loamy, kaolinitic, mesic Vertic Eutrocrept. What is the soil order | Inceptisol |
| 19. You look up the soil series for the main soil type at your home. The classification is: Loamy, kaolinitic, mesic Vertic Eutrocrept. What is the temperature regime | Mesic |
| 20. Is this in order from most specific to least specific or vise versa: Ultisol, Udult, Paleudult, Typic Paleudult | Least to most |
| Fine-silty, mixed Glossic Haplogypsid | aridisol |
| 22. The main difference between an Umbric epipedon and a Mollic epipedon is | A Mollic has a base saturation > 50%, an Umbric has a base saturation < 50% |
| 23. The strong shrink-swell capability of clay soils predominantly composed of smectite makes these soils troublesome sites on which to build a home. In which soil order, would these soils be classified | Vertisol |
| 24. The two soil orders with low bulk densities that would be prone to soil erosion when dry are the __&__ | Histosols and Andisols (-wind erosion probem) |
| 25. The two soil orders that are typical of the breadbaskets of the world are the ____& _____ | Mollisols and Alfisols |
| 26. Gilgai would be characteristic of ___(wavy soil surface) | Vertisol |
| The record rainfall for Santa Anita Canyon was _____________ inches, which was almost twice the normal precipitation received by L. A. in one year. | 26 |
| : The owner of the L. A. Times and Mirror (newspaper) | Harrison Gray Otis |
| Owned the upper section of Owens Valley which was suitable for building a reservoir, he later sold it to Fred Eaton | Thomas Rickey |
| Regional engineer for the Reclamation Service, he introduced Mulholland and Eaton to the Owens River Valley, basically a double agent, he worked for the government to improve land, but helped to rob the Owens River Valley of its water | Joseph Lippincott |
| His family founded Pasadena and he worked for the L. A. City Water Company | Fred Eaton |
| Son-in-law of Harrison Otis, he owned land in Mexico which was the reason an aqueduct to transfer water from the Colorado River was not built. | harry chandler |
| Important people in this scheme: Engineer and superintendent of L. A. City Water Company, main man behind the development of the aqueduct diverting water from Owens River Valley to L. A. | William Mulholland |
| The Owens River was unusual because most streams draining the east slope of the Sierra Nevada Mts. | were small |
| Owen’s Lake was more saline than the ocean but attracted large numbers of waterfowl because of the large populations of | brine shrimp and salt livng flies |
| The tribe of native Americans who were forced from the valley by early settlers were the | paiute |
| The Owens River is _________ miles from L. A. | 250 |
| Owens River developed because they were close to the Tonopah, Nevada ____________ mine. | silver |
| The Kern and Colorado Rivers were considered for water diversion to L. A. but had a significant problem because their water would | have to be pumped against gravity |
| The Owen’s River had the advantage of being __________ ft. higher in elevation than L. A. and could flow under the influence of gravity. | 4000 |
| Mulholland was so afraid surplus water from the Owens River would not be used that he planned on building it through the _______________ Valley. | san fernando |
| Mulholland went to extremes to get the aqueduct built. During extremely high temperatures, he had workers to dump water from the L. A. reservoir into the Pacific Ocean to motivate people to | approve a referendum to pay for the work |
| Who did William Mulholland say was the only person who could see that L. A. would not stop until it owned all of the river and land in Owen’s Valley? | Mary Austin |
| When Symons, Hall, and George Watterson took over the options on the McNally Ditch, the amount of water reaching the aqueduct slowed to a trickle because other ditch companies | opened their floodgates to flood fields |
| Mulholland retaliated against the ditch companies by | blowing up the intake of Big Pine Canal |
| the dynamitors almost hanged | Leicester Hall |
| Because of a falling out between _______________________ the reservoir ended up costing twice as much as the more desirable site at the upper end of the valley. | Fred Eaton and William Mulholland |
| When the Alabama Gates were used to divert water back into Owens Lake by the Owens River settlers, | they had a picnic |
| Wilfred and Mark Watterson had defended Owens Valley for years, but ended up going to jail for | embezzlement |
| The event that finally destroyed William Mulholland was | collapse of the st. francis dam |
| When a dam leaks the telltale color that indicates eminent danger is | brown |
| illuvial or may have formed in place- clay coating on surface of peds or pore walls | argillic |
| Subsidence in drained histosols of the everglades have severe problems. please explain | the stuff disapears because it burns when it dries |
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500678836