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religion exam 2
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| _____ German sociologist, originally concerned with economics and law | Weber |
| ____ thought religion is neither always cause nor always effect; it may be either or both as only specific fact & changing circumstances ultimately determine; very concerned with method | Weber |
| What does Verstehen mean? | "understanding" |
| the principle of ____ presumes that we cannot explain the actions of humans as we explain occurrences in nature | Verstehen |
| ____ insisted that understanding people is not the same as understanding natural world | Weber |
| ____ _____ called for use of imagination and intuition but ____ thought this was impossible | Wilhelm Dithery; Weber |
| ____: describe historical circumstances-> predict future event-> look at actual events-> determine motives that caused things to happen that way | Weber |
| Weber: what motive is a means to achieve a goal | instrumentally rational |
| Weber: what motive is the goal is good in inself | value rational |
| Weber: what motive is driven by emotion | affectual |
| Weber: what motive is done out of habit | traditional |
| Weber: ____ is a general concept, but it is different from what is known as a generalization in natural science | ideal-types |
| Weber: ____ the intentional exaggeration of what a figure or system should be-goes beyond the defining characteristics | ideal-types |
| Weber: what are the types of social authority | traditional, legal, and charismatic |
| Weber: what are the types of motives | instrumentally rational, value rational, affectual, and traditional |
| Weber: what social authority always had authority; give an example | traditional; king |
| Weber: what social authority is the modern form and most rational; give an example | legal; ruling body, people decide laws |
| Weber: what social authority is a small group or individual people are willing to follow; give an example | charismatic; jesus and his apostles |
| What book of Weber's saw a connection between the rise of Protestantism and capitalism | The Protestant Ethic... |
| Weber-The Protestant Ethic...- _____'s "secularized" idea of vocation; whether everyday work of a peasant or nun was calling from God | Luther |
| Weber-The Protestant Ethic...- _____'s idea of predestination; explains accumulation of wealth; to deal with anxiety about salvation, protestants came to believe that economic success indicated elect status | Calvin |
| What book of Weber's was continuation of The Protestant Ethic | the economic ethic of the world religions |
| Weber-The Economic Ethic of the World Religions- Religion in ____:too traditional familial and passive to allow for capitalism | China |
| Weber-The Economic Ethic of the World Religions- Religion in ____:caste system and focus on escaping the world (rather than engaging in it) meant no capitalism | India |
| Weber-The Economic Ethic of the World Religions- _____:development of pariah capitalism; based in part in anti-semitic views of jews | Judaism |
| What book of Weber's focuses on ideal types across religions | sociology of religion |
| Weber-Sociology of Religion- what are the types of religious leaders (3) | magicians, priests, and prophets |
| Weber-Sociology of Religion-what religious leader is able to readily cultivate ecstatic states-deal with immediate concerns | magicians |
| Weber-Sociology of Religion-what religious leader is part of permanent systems-authority from their professional status-value social/religious order | priests |
| Weber-Sociology of Religion-what religious leader is authority because of personality and message-presents a comprehensive doctrine-called by God or has privileged access to religious truths | prophets |
| Weber-Sociology of Religion-____ prefers magic; ____ prefers priests; _____ susceptible to prophetic | rural; privilege; middle class |
| What is the analysis of Weber and Durkheim | Weber not concerned with the origins of religion-meant he studied diverse traditions; Weber didn't assume and evolution |
| what is the analysis of Weber and Marx | Weber rejects a universal cause; thought can cause change, but it won't be the only influence (nothing will be) |
| what is the critique of Weber on consistency | his rejection of reductionism is often contradicted by his actual studies; often ends up describing how material realities influenced religious thought |
| what is the critique of Weber on social science | works seems more historic than social scientific; his detailed accounts dont allow for much in the way of universal patterns; rarely actually presented ideal-types |
| ____: childhood experience of being transported into a "transcendent world"-looked back with a feeling of "nostalgia" | Eliade |
| Eliade: "____"-"a longing for a beautiful space of otherworldly perfection" | nostalgia |
| Eliade:_____->economics causes everything; _____->everything causes everything; _____-> bridged the gap | Marx; Weber; Eliade |
| What were Eliade's two axioms | 1)religion cant be reduced- it is the independent variable 2)religion must be studies historically and phenomenologically |
| What book of Eliade's enters the world of the "archaic man" | The Sacred and the Profane |
| Eliade: The sacred and The Profane- archaic people believed in what 2 realms | sacred and profane |
| Eliade: The sacred and The Profane-_____:sphere of "supernatural"; the arena of the gods and ancestors; place of order and perfection | sacred |
| Eliade: The sacred and The Profane-____:sphere of human affairs; changing and chaotic | profane |
| Eliade: The sacred and The Profane- Eliade's theory of the archaic people and their 2 realms was more like ___ ____ than ____ | Rudolf Otto; Durkheim |
| Eliade: The sacred and The Profane- religion is about promoting contact with the ____ | sacred |
| Eliade: The sacred and The Profane- archaic people mirror the ____, but really want to be part of it-"nostalgia for paradise" | sacred |
| Eliade: what is the "dialect of the sacred" | infusion of the supernatural into natural objects |
| Eliade: use ____ to describe the sacred in terms of the profane | symbols |
| Eliade: what does Axis Mundi mean | "center post" of the "world" |
| Eliade: _______:"center post" of the "world"- center around which society spreads which creates order; connects the heavens, earth, and underworld | axis mundi |
| Eliade:Symbols- ____ can act as axis mundi- durable/constant but also changing; promises us renewal/rebirth | trees |
| Eliade:Symbols-______ meant to suffer and die- best theopanthy because he is human and god, which connects us | son gods |
| Eliade:Symbols-____ symbol of dualism- connects the infiniteness of the sky to changing humans | moon |
| Eliade:Sacred time and space- archaic people want to link the sacred to the profane- this is a natural result of _____ | nostalgia |
| Eliade: archaic man wanted to _____ history but this changed with _____ | abolish; Judaism |
| Eliade:Modern historicism- worried about a complete rejection of the scared; modern secularism (atheism) a result of the ____-____ shift | Judeo-Christian |
| Eliade:"_____"- "a type of thought that recognizes only things ordinary and profane while denying any reference at all to things supernatural and sacred" | historicism |
| Eliade: what is an example that nostalgia for paradise still remains | the rapture/judgment day |
| what is the critique of Eliade on theology | some claim he was a theologian in disguise; only a problem if his view affected his analysis |
| _____: anthropologist; refuted theories more than presented his own; lived with and studied the Azande and Nuer | Evans-Pritchard |
| what were Evans-Pritchard's academic influences (3) | older anthropology, french sociology, and british empirical anthropology |
| Evans-Pritchard:Witchcraft, oracles, and magic among the azande: ____-"belief that certain aspects of life can be controlled by mystical forces or supernatural powers" | magic |
| Evans-Pritchard:Witchcraft, oracles, and magic among the azande: ____-refers to a physical substance that brings misfortune | witchcraft |
| Evans-Pritchard:____ Religion described a complex religious system- initially hard to identify because it lacks dogma, organized worship, mythology, ect | Nuer |
| Evans-Pritchard: Nuer religion centers around belief in ____(spirit) | kwoth |
| Evans-Pritchard: Nuer religion- pervasive use of ______ give an example | symbolism; a twin is a bird, an ox is a cucumber |
| Evans-Pritchard:Nuer religion-ghosts and souls- people have three parts:___,___,and ____ | flesh, life, and soul |
| Evans-Pritchard:Nuer religion-ghosts and souls- refutes _____'s theory of animism-- humans have soul; everything else has spirit | Tylor |
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