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RAD Protection
Ch. 5-7
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| The sequence of _________ in DNA macromolecules determines the characteristics of every living thing: | Nitrogenous base pairs |
| When exposure to ionizing radiation damages the components involved in molecular synthesis beyond repair, what will happen to the cell: | die or functions abnormally |
| Water constitutes _____% of body weight in humans: | 80% |
| Which human cell component controls cell division and multiplication as well as biochemical reactions: | DNA in the Nucleus |
| Somatic cells divide through the process of __________: | Mitosis |
| Germ cells divide through the process of __________: | Meiosis |
| Protoplasm consists of ________ compounds and __________ materials: | Organic, Inorganic |
| Water accounts for __% of cell protoplasm: | 70-85 % |
| List the four major classes of organic compounds: | -Proteins -Lipids -Carbs -Nucleic acid |
| _________ are the most elementary building blocks of cells and constitute ____% of cell content: | Proteins, 15% |
| Antibodies are _______ molecules produced by specialized cells in the bone marrow called B lymphocytes: | Protein |
| _____ are also referred to as fats and constitute __% of the cell content: | Lipids, 2% |
| What is the function of lipids: | -Provide energy -Lubricate joints |
| DNA regulates cellular activity _________: | Indirectly |
| It is the sequence of _____________ in the DNA molecule that constitutes the genetic code: | Nitrogenous base pairs or amino acids |
| Chromosomes are comprised of _________ & _________: | Protein & DNA |
| The basic unit of heredity is _______: | Genes |
| ________ is a frail, semipermeable, flexible structure encasing and surrounding the human cell: | Cell membrane |
| _________ are small pea-like sacs or spheres that are responsible for digestion within the cell: | Lysosomes |
| ___________ unites large carbohydrate molecules ans protein to form glycoprteins: | Golgi apparatus |
| What holds a large amount of RNA: | Nucleolus |
| What produces energy for cellular activity by breaking down nutrients through the process of oxidation: | Mitochondria |
| _________ is a special type of cell division that reduces the number of chromosomes in each daughter cell: | Meiosis |
| ________ act as a reservoir for long term storage of energy, guard the body against the environment and protect organs: | Lipids |
| The average energy deposited per unit length of track by ionizing radiation as it passes through and interacts with a medium is ___________: | LET |
| RBE and LET are ________ related: | Directly |
| Any visible damage induced by radiation exposure is first seen at the __________ level: | Molecular |
| Damage to the DNA from free radicals is due to the __________ effect: | Indirect |
| _________ are used to display types of cancer cells that will respond to radiation therapy and high LET has little to no chance of repair: | Cell survival curve |
| Law of Bergonie and Tribondeau state the most sensitive cells are: | -Least mature and least specialized -Possess the greatest reproductive activity --Have the longest mitotic phase |
| What type of DNA damage is likely to occur with high LET: | -Breakage of macromolecule -Disruption to protein synthesis |
| Why is protein synthesis important in cell function: | It controls the cells ability to repair itself |
| Germ cells are also referred to as _________ cells: | Reproductive |
| Which cells are considered somatic cells: | All except reproductive |
| When does radiation cause complete chromosome breakage: | With high LET |
| What type of blood cells are most sensitive: | Lymphocytes |
| What can occur if an adult receives 25 rads of whole body exposure: | Hematologic depression |
| Approximately 2/3rds of all radiation induced damage is a result of ________: | Radiolysis of water or the indirect effect |
| _________ is the most damaging free radical produced during radiolysis of water: | Hydroxyl |
| ________ utations could result from a single alteration along the sequence of nitrogenous bases in DNA: | Genetic or point |
| ________ tissue is the most radiosensitive because it constantly regenerates itself: | Epithelial |
| The two most radiosensitive in the body are ________ and __________: | Spermatogonia & lymphocytes |
| Temporary sterility usually occurs from a single dose of ______ rads to the ovaries: | 200 |
| A whole body does of ____ rads delivered within a few days produces a measurable hematologic depression: | 25 |
| _______ ______ results in biologic damage when ionizing radiation interacts with DNA, RNA or proteins of enzymes: | Direct action |
| _________ are chemical unions created between atoms by the single sharing of one or more pairs of electrons: | Covalent Cross-links |
| Interaction of high energy radiation with a DNA molecule causes either a loss of or a change in a nitrogenous base on the DNA chain results in _________: | Mutations |
| _________ can be used to explain cell death and non-fatal cell abnormalities caused by exposure to radiation: | Target theory |
| _________ occurs when energy transferred ruptures one of the chemical bonds or severs one of the sugar phosphate chain side rails or strands of DNA: | Point mutation |
| LD 50 for humans: | 3--400 rads |
| List the 4 types of chromosome abnormalities: | -Terminal deletion -Dicentric formation -Ring formation -Radiation induced reciprocal translocations |
| Late effects of radiation damage result in _______ or ________: | Cancer or genetic abnormalities |
| _________ effects are considered non-stochastic, deterministic and are determined by dose threshold: | Early effects |
| ________ effects are considered stochastic, probalistic and not determined by dose threshold" | Late effects |
| What three outcomes are possible from whole body exposure: | -Chromosome aberration (5 rad) -Hematologic depression (25 rad) -Death (200 rad) |
| The effect of gonadal dysfunction is associated with ________: | local tissue |
| Four factors that effect the amount of somatic or genetic damage resulting from radiation exposure: | -Qty or ionizing radiation -Ability of radiation to cause ionization in tissue -Amt of body area exposed -Specific bosy parts exposed |
| List early non-stochastic effects of ionizing radiation: | Nausea, vomiting, diarrhia, fatigue, epilation, leukopenia, erythema |
| List the three dose-related syndromes that occur as part of ARS: | -Hematologic depression -GI syndrome -CNS syndrome |
| List the types of local tissue damage that can occur when exposed to high levels of radiation: | -Atrophy, radiodermititis, desquamation, epilation |
| _____ rads of exposure to the gonads can result in a depression in sperm production: | 10 rads |
| List ARS in the correct order: | 1. Prodromal 2. Latent 3. Manifest Illness ----A. Hematologic depression (100 rads) ----B. GI syndrome (600 rads) ----C. CNS syndrome (5000+ rads) 4. Recovery or death |
| List the types of high LET that cause direct damage to DNA: | RT or nuclear accidents |
| Most damage from x-rays is __________: | Repairable |
| Effect of xrays on humans is the result of interactions at the ________ level: | Atomic |
| DNA molecules can be mended by _________: | Repair enzymes |
| Inorganic materials contain no __________: | Carbon |
| List the three names of immature cells: | -Stem cells -Undifferentiated -Precursor |
| Each cell must have ________, _________ and _________ for normal cell function: | food, oxygen, water |
| List the four primary biomolecular elements that make up a living cell: | -Carbon -Hydrogen -Oxygen -Nitroge |
| _________ proteins repair: | Enzymatic |
| The function of _______ consists of growth/construction of new body tissue and repair injured or debilitated tissue | Proteins |
| ________ function as a short term energy source for the body: | Carbs |
| List two types of cells that fall within the intermediate category of radiosensitivity: | Osteoblast & Endothelial cells |
| List two types of cells that fall within the low category of radiosensitivity: | Muscle & nerve |
| LD 50/30 is used to describe _______: | the lethal dose of radiation |
| ________ produce spur like structures when exposed to radiation and cause molecules to stick together: | Covalent cross-links |
| Radiation induced chromosome damage follow a ________ dose response relationship: | Non-threshold |
| ______ will occur only if DNA is deactivated: | Cell death |
| Chromosome hits are difficult to observe in a radiation dose of _____ rads or less: | 10 |
| When radiation interacts with the target a _____ is said to have occurred: | Hit |
| Hits occur through ______ and _______ effects: | Indirect & direct |
| Effects on _______ cells can disrupt whole body processes: | Somatic |
| Molecular effects of irradiation can occur on what three levels: | -Molecular -Cellular -Organic |
| ______ is the ration of radiation dose required to cause a particular biologic response in an oxygen deprived environment to the dose required under normal oxygenated conditions: | OER (Oxygen enhancement ratio) |
| _______ describes relative capabilities of radiation with differing LETs to produce a particular biologic response: | RBE (Relative biologic effectiveness) |
| Three radiation energy transfer determinates: | -LET -RBE -OER |
| What is considered low LET: | Xrays and Gamma rays |
| What is considered high LET: | Alpha particles |
| When metabolic activity in a cell is high, radiosensitivity is ________: | High |
| When oxygen levels increase in cells, the probability of a "hit" ________: | increases |
| A single strand break is __________: | repairable |
| Double strand break is ________: | Not easily repairable |
| Double strand break on the same rung is _________: | irreparable |
| A dosage of _____ rad will cause temporary sterility in both men and women: | 200 |
| A dosage of ____ rad will cause permenant sterility in men and women: | 500 |
| __________ causes decreased blood circulation: | Hematologic depression |
| A dosage of ___ rads will reduce the number of lymphocytes in the blood: | 10 rads |
| Stochastic effects are associated with _______: | Cancer & genetic effects |
| DNA is located in the _______ of a cell: | Nucleus |
| RNA is located in the _______ of a cell: | Nucleolus |
| What components combine to form proteins: | mRNA, tRNA and ribosomes |
| The 4 bases of DNA are: | -Adenine -Cytosine -Guanine -Thymine |
| Which base pairs are paired together: | Adenine-Thymine Gaunine-Cytosine |
| In mRNA thymine is replaced by _______: | Uracil |
| DNA is comprised of _________ + ________ and attached by hydrogen bonds: | Sugar phosphate compounds & pairs of nitrogenous bases |
| _________ aids in acid-base balance )ph balance): | Potassium |
| Inorganic compounds do not contain ______: | carbon |
| All ARS phases are ______ related: | Dose |
Created by:
akhernandez19