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research study
reseach study guide and practice test
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| ethnography | a report on social life that focuses on detailed and accurate description rather than explanation. |
| experimental design | to mean observations of social relations under conditions of control introduce by matching. |
| experimental design | theorize, hypothesize, random selection, random assignment of experiment and control groups, pretest dependent variable, apply stimulus, post-test to measure change. |
| experimental group | in experimentation, a group of subjects to whom no experimental stimulus is administered and who should resemble the experimental groups in all other respects. |
| secondary analysis | is a form of research in which the data collected and processed by one research and reanalyzed often for a different purpose by another. |
| secondary analysis | This is especially appropriate in the case of survey data. Data archives are repositions or libraries for secondary analysis |
| content analysis | the study of recorded human communications such as books, websites, paintings, and laws |
| operational definition | how a concept is measured deciding how data is collected |
| operational definintion | ( def)An explanation of an abstract concept that is specific enough to allow a researcher to measure the concept. |
| hypothesis | specified testable expectation about empirical reality that follows from a more general proposition |
| variable | any factor which may be relevent to a reseach study. |
| variable | example: age, gender, of repondents would be variables |
| causal logic | the relationship between a condition or variable and a particular consequence, with one event leading to the other |
| independant variable | a variable with values that are not problematic in an analysis but are taken as simply given |
| Dependent variables | a variable is presumed to depend on or be caused by another independent variable. |
| control variable | in experimetation a group of subject to whom no experiemental stimulus is administer and also showed resemble the experiemental group in all other respects the comparison of the control group and the experimental points to the effect of the exper.stimuli |
| correlation | A relationship between two variables in which a change in one coincides with a change in the other |
| Hawthrone effect | a phenomeon where workers improve or modify an aspect of their behavior in response to the fact of change in their environment rather than in response to the nature of the change itself |
| hawthrone effect | The unintended influence that observers or experiments can have on their subjects |
| sampling concepts | quota sampling, purposive sampling, snowball sampling, simple random sampling, stratified sampling, |
| quota sampling | the type of nonprobablity sampling in which untis are selected into a sample on the basis of p |
| purposive sampling | a type of nonprobablity sampling in which the units to be observed are selected on the basis of the researchers judgement about which ones will be the most useful or representative |
| snowball sampling | a non probablity sampling technique often employed in field research whereby each person interviewed maybe asked to suggest additional people for interviewing |
| simple random sampling | the basic sampling method assumed in the statistical computations of social research. A type of probabiity sampling in which the units composing a population are assigned numbers is then generated and the units having those numbers are in the sample |
| stratified sampling | is a method for obtaining a greater degree of representatives by decreasing the probate grouping error (based on this second factor in sampling theory) |
| The level of measurement | ratio, interval, nominal,ordinal, |
| ratio | a level of measurement describing a variable with attributes that have all qualities of nomial, ordinal, and interval measures and in addition are based on a "true zero" point |
| ratio | example: age is example of ratio measure |
| interval | a level of measurement describe a variable whose attributes are rank-ordered to have equal distances between adjacent attributes |
| example of interval | fahrenheit temp scale is an example of this because the distances between adjacent attributes high, med, low. |
| nominal | A nominal variable has attributes that are merely different as distigushed from ordianl intervels or ratio measures |
| nominal | sex is example of _________measure a nominal can tell us about 2 people is if they are same or diffferent |
| ordinal | a level of measurement describing a variable with attributes we can rank order along same dimension |
| ordinal | example: socioeconomic status as composed of the attributes high, med, low |
| ordinal | example:very poor, poor, no opinion, good, very good |
| key components of the research paper | literature review, purpose of overview statment, data analysis, summary statement, limitations, |
| components of research paper-literature view | what others said about the topic theories and what they say previous research exist, consistent findings or past studies disagreements,shaped by the data collection methods you intent to use in the study |
| components of research paper- data analysis and description statement | presentation of data the manpluations of those data and interpretation should integrated into logical whole |
| components of research paper- purpose of overview | a brief statement of the purposes of the study and the main findings of the analysis (abstract) |
| components of research paper- summary statement | is a short statement that summarizes the main point or claim of an research paper |
| components of research paper- Limitations | limitations of the study are those characteristics of design or methodology that impacted or influence the application of interpretation of the results of your study. |
| Limitations | They are the constraints on generalizations and utility of findings results study design/or the method used to establish interval and external validity. |
| validity | describes a measures that accurately reflects the concept it is intended to measure that accurately reflects the concepts it is intented to measure |
| validity | example: your IQ would seem a more vaild measure of your intelligence than the number of how you spend in the library would |
| reliability | The extent to which a measure produces consistent results. |
| necessary | represents a condition that must be present for the effect to follow |
| necessary | ex: necessary for you to take college courses in order to get a degree, but taking courses is not sufficent cause of getting a degree. You must take the right courses and pass. |
| sufficent cause | a condition that if it is present, gurantees the effect in question |
| sufficent cause | this is not to say that a sufficient cause is the only possible cause of a particular effect |
| mean | the averages of your sample computed by taking the sum of the The extent to which a measure produces consistent results. scores and dividing them by the total number of individuals |
| median | example: 2,6,9,3,2,74=9 |
| median | if you rank tghe observations according to size the median is the observations that divides the list into equal halves. |
| mode | the observation that occurs most frequent |
| An operational definition is | transformation of an abstract concept into indicators that are observable and measurable, allowing researchers to assess the concept. |
| The statement “Women who receive welfare are less likely than other women to have babies” is an example of | a hypothesis. |
| A variable is | a measurable trait or characteristic that is subject to change under different conditions. |
| The statement “People who live in poverty have shorter life expectancies than wealthier citizens” is an example of | causal logic |
| Which of the following statements is FALSE about the purpose of a literature review? Literature reviews should | point out general agreements and minimize the disagreements among previous researchers. |
| A level of measurement describing a variable whose attributes are rank-ordered and have equal distances between adjacent attributes are _____ measures. | interval |
| Which of the following statements is FALSE regarding necessary and sufficient causes? | In social science, we typically find a single necessary and sufficient cause to establish a causal relationship. |
| Secondary analysis includes a variety of research techniques that use | previously collected and publicly accessible information and data. |
| In an experiment, the group that is not exposed to the independent variable is called the | control group |
| Which number would be considered the mode of the following: 10-10-9-9-8-8-7-7-7-6-5? | 7 |
| Surveys most often represent ____________ research, which collects and reports data primarily in numerical form. | quantitative |
| Which weighing scale that consistently tells Susie that she is 115 pounds—5 pounds lighter than she really is—every time she stands on the scale is __________, but not _____________. | reliable; valid |
| Gilbert wanted to study only students who do very well in class because such students would best help him test his theory. He asked 20 professors for the names of high achieving students and he then interviewed them. | purposive |
| Individuals who have divorced parents are more likely to divorce than individuals who have parents who did not divorce. This is an example of | correlation. |
| Social scientists call the causal variable that brings about change a(n) | independent variable. |
| The statement “People who live in poverty have shorter life expectancies than wealthier citizens” is an example of | causal logic. |
| A variable is | a measurable trait or characteristic that is subject to change under different conditions. |
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jocelyndionnejones