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anat 3
Gross anatomy of cranial nerves
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is CN I? | olfactory nerve |
| what is the size of the olfactory nerve? | extremely short |
| olfactory nerve consists of a series of fine filaments which arise from? | the OLFACTORY BULB on the underside of the frontal lobe |
| on each side of the olfactory bulb,what forms the narrow roof of the nasal cavity? | CRIBIFORM PLATE |
| the filaments of the olfactory nerve pass thru the cribiform plate and run? | just beneath the mucus membrane to reach nerve ending in this olfactory area on the lateral and medial surfaces of the nasal cavity |
| What is CN II? | optic nerve |
| CN II exits? and then? | the back of the eyeball and then the orbit BTWN TENDONS OF ORIGIN OF RECTUS MUSCLES |
| the optic nerves merge from? | the OPTIC CHIASM |
| what is just beneath the optic chiasm? | the roof of the pituitary fossa |
| is the optic nerve really a nerve? | strictly speaking its not; it's an extension of the brain |
| the optic nerve is covered throughout its course by? | extensions of all 3 meningeal layers, dura, arachnoid and pia |
| what is continuous with the outer layer of the eyeball (the sclera)? | the dura |
| what is a cross-over point for optic nerve fibers? | the optic chiasm |
| the fibers of each nerve that cross over into the opposite optic tract connect to? | the MEDIAL HALF OF THE RETINA |
| the fibers that connect to the lateral halves of the retina are on what side? | stay on the same side |
| what cranial nerves are motor nerves? | CN III (occulomotor), IV (trochlear), and VI (abducens) |
| btwn the 3rd, 4th and 6th CN, they supply the? | 6 muscles that move the eye, and also the levator of the upper lid |
| where does the occulomotor nerve arise btwn? | the CEREBRAL PEDUNCLES |
| the trochlear nerve arises from> | the back of the midbrain |
| the abducent nerve arises? | below the pons |
| the bony opening that CN 3, 4, and 6 pass through is the? | SUPERIOR ORBITAL FISSURE, but their openings in the dura are quite a bit further back |
| the occulomotor nerve passes though the dura just alongside the? | posterior clinoid process |
| within the cavernous sinus lies the? | internal carotid artery |
| the 3rd, 4th and 6th nerves pass forward in the? | lateral wall of the cavernous sinus |
| all three nerves (3,4,6) pass forward into the orbit through? | superior orbital fissure |
| the 7 muscles in the orbit that these nerves (3,4,6) supply are? | the 4 RECTUS MUSCLES, the 2 OBLIQUE MUSCLES, and the LEVATOR OF THE UPPER EYELID |
| how many muscles does the occulomotor nerve supply? | 5 muscles |
| how many muscles do the trochlear and abducent nerves supply? | just one muscle each |
| the occulomotor nerve divides into | an upper and lower branch |
| the occulomotor upper branch nerve supplies? | 1. levator palpbrae superioris 2. superior recturs muscles 3. medial rectus 4. inferior rectus |
| the occulomotor lower branch nerve supplies? | 1. inferior oblique muscles |
| by tiny short ciliary branches, the oculomotor nerve gives parasympathetic motor supply to? | muscles withing the eye that cause constriction of the pupil: the sphincter pupillae and ciliary muscles |
| what is CN IV? | trochlear nerve |
| what is CN V? | trigeminal nerve |
| what is the largest cranial nerve? | CN V |
| what are CN V's 3 main branches? | 1. OPTHALAMIC 2. MAXILLARY 3. MANDIBULAR |
| what are the main fxns of the trigeminal nerve? | provide sensation to the face, the nasal cavity and the oral cavity, and to provide motor supply to muscles of mastication |
| the trigeminal nerve emerges from? passes? | the pons and passes forwards |
| all the sensory fibers of the trigeminal nerve synapse in the? | massive ganglion, the TRIGEMINAL GANGLION |
| what are the openings for the 3 branches of the trigeminal nerve? | SUPERIOR ORBITAL FISSURE for Opthalamic FORAMEN ROTUNDUM for Maxillary FORAMEN OVALE for Mandibular |
| what is the 1st branch of the trigeminal? | opthalamic nerve |
| the opthalamic nerve passes forwards through the superior orbital fissure. As it does so it divides and gives off? | FRONTAL NERVE which runs just beneath the roof of the orbit and divides into cutaneous branches which ho to the forehead |
| the opthalamic nerve gives rise to? which supplies? | LACRIMAL NERVE (supplies the lacrimal gland) nasociliary nerve (gives off one or more ETHMOIDAL NERVES and a cuteanous branch, the INFRATROCHLEAR NERVE) |
| through 2 long ciliary nerves, the ________ nerve provides sensation to the eyeball | NASOCILIARY |
| What are the branches of the frontal nerve? | 1. Supraorbital 2. Supratrochlear 3. Infratrochlear |
| Through the branches of the frontal nerve, the opthalamic nerve supplies? | forehead upper eyelid upper part of the nose |
| The ethmoid branches of the nasociliary nerve supply? | the lining of the nasal cavity |
| The maxillary nerve emerges deep in the? | PTERYGOMAXILLARY FISSURE |
| the mandibular nerve emerges behind the? | LATERAL PTERYGOID PLATE |
| As the mandibular nerve approaches the maxilla it divides into branches. The continuing trunk of the nerve is known as? | the INFRAORBITAL NERVE |
| The infraorbital nerve runs forward into a bony tunnel in the floor of the orbit. It emerges again at the? | infraorbital foramen |
| The infraorbital nerve divides into: | PALBEBRAL, LABIAL, and NASAL branches |
| The infraorbital branches supply: | the lower eyelid, part of the nose and cheek, and the upper lip |
| The branches of the maxillary nerve supply the: | upper teeth, the nasal cavity and palate, and the upper part of the cheek |
| The upper teeth are supplied by? | the SUPERIOR ALVEOLAR NERVES, posterior and anterior, which together form a loop |
| The posterior superior alveolar nerves (there are 2) branch off behind? and run down to? | the maxilla and run down to enter tunnels in the maxilla |
| The anterior superior alveolar nerve arises from? within? | the infraorbital nerve within its tunnel, and runs downwards and forwards within the bone |
| The superior alveolar nerves, anterior and posterior, form a loop within the maxilla. From this loop,dental and gingival branches arise that supply? | the upper teeth, and the upper gums |
| the maxillary nerve also gives off _____ and _____ branches that supply the: | PALANTINE and NASOPALANTINE branches that supply the palate, and parts of the nasal cavity |
| 2 palantine nerves, the ____ and ____, arise from the ____ and rundown through a bony tunnel | GREATER and LESSER arise from the maxillary nerve |
| The palatine nerve emerge through the? | PALATINE FORAMEN |
| The palatine nerves provide sensation to? | parts of the palate |
| The greater palatine nerve also has nasal branches. Together with nasal branches from the trunk of the maxillary nerve, these supply? | part of the lining of the nasal cavity |
| The NASOPALATINE nerve passes through? | SPHENOPALATINE FORAMEN,round the front of the sphenoid sinus, and onto the nasal septum |
| The nasopalatie nerve supplies the? and then passes through the? to supply? | nasal septum and then passes through the INCISIVE FORAMEN, in the maxilla, to supply the anterior part of the hard palate |
| The maxillary nerve gives off a ZYGOMATIC branch. This divides into? | zygomaticofacial and zygomaticotemporal nerves |
| The zygomaticofacial and zygomaticotemporal nerves pass through? to supply? | the zygomatic bone to supply part of the cheek |
| The mandibular nerve has both motor and sensory branches. Its motor branches go to? | MUSCLES OF MASTICATION: MASSETER, TEMPORALIS, and the PTERYGOID muscles |
| small mandibular nerve branches supply? | tensor tympani and tensor palati |
| what are the other branches of the mandibular nerve that are almost entirely sensory? | 1. BUCCAL nerve 2. AURICULOTEMPORAL nerve 3. INFERIOR ALVEOLAR nerve 4. LINGUAL nerve |
| The BUCCAL nerve runs downwards and forwards to supply? | sensation to the cheek, both outside and inside |
| The AURICULOTEMPORAL nerve passes deep to? and then runs upwards to supply? | neck of the mandible, and then runs upwards to supply sensation to a region on the side of the head |
| what are the 2 branches of the mandibular nerve that run downward on the medial pterygoid muscle? | The INFERIOR ALVEOLAR nerve, and just in front of it, the LINGUAL nerve |
| The inferior alveolar nerve follows the medial pterygoid muscle down toward the mandible. It enters the mandible through? | the MANDIBULAR FORAMEN |
| as it enters the bone, the inferior alveolar nerve lies just behind the? | lingula |
| before the interior alveolar nerve lies behind the lingula, it gives off a ______ branch | mylohyoid branch |
| the mylohyoid runs downwards a groove to supply the? | mylohyoid muscle and the anterior belly of the digastric |
| Passing along the mandibular canal, the inferior alveolar nerve gives off branches that supply? | the lower teeth and gums |
| A large branch of the inferior alveolar nerve, the MENTAL NERVE, emerges through? | the MENTAL FORAMEN |
| The mental nerve supplies? | the chin and the lower lip |
| The lingual nerve passes close to? | the mandible |
| early in its course the lingual nerve is joined by the? which is a special branch of? | CHORDA TYMPANI which is SPECIAL BRANCH of the FACIAL NERVE |
| The lingual nerve runs down toward the corner of the? | medial pterygoid muscle, passing just medial to the buttress of the mandible |
| The lingual nerve passes forwards along the? | base of the tongue, giving off branches along its length |
| The lingual nerve provides common sensation and also taste sensation to | anterior 2/3 of the tongue |
| The taste fibers that travel in the lingual nerve are carried by? | the chorda tympani |
| **** the Trigeminal nerve has no inherent parasympathetic fibers, but like the lingual branch, | it sometimes carries fibers from other other nerves |
| What is CN VII? | Facial nerve |
| the vestibulocochlear nerve and facial nerve pass through? | the INTERNAL AUDITORY MEATUS |
| What is the internal auditory meatus? | it's a short tunnel with 3 openings |
| The facial nerve passes forwards to enter its own bony tunnel, the ______ | FACIAL CANAL |
| In the facial canal, the facial nerve has a complex course in the _____ bone, passing round the wall of the _______ ____, and coming out behind the _______ ______ | temporal bone tympanic cavity STYLOID PROCESS |
| Entering its canal, the facial nerve passes forward briefly, then makes an abrupt U-turn called the? and passes | GENU, and passes backward |
| The facial nerve passes backwards high in the medial wall of the _____ ____, above the _____. It then turns downwards, to emerge at the _____ ____, just behind the root of the ____ ______ | tympanic cavity oval window STYOMASTOID FORAMEN styloid process |
| on its way though the temporal bone, the facial nerve gives off ____ branches, the: | 3 1. GREATER PETROSAL NERVE (autonomic branch) 2. BRANCH in the MIDDLE EAR to the STAPEDIUS MUSCLE 3. CHORDA TYMPANI (special branch) |
| The chorda tympani passes upwards on the inside of the ____ ____, and leaves the cranium to join to _____ nerve | tympanic membrane LINGUAL NERVE |
| The facial nerve passes through? | the parotid gland |
| The temporal branches supply the? | frontalis muscle |
| The orbital branches supply? | the muscles around the eye, including orbicularis oculi |
| the buccal branches supply? | buccinator, orbicularis oris, and the muscles that move the upper lip |
| The marginal mandibular branches, which pass just below the body of the ____, supply the? | mandible muscles that move the lower lip they also supply the platysma |
| in addition to supplying the muscles of facial expression, the facial nerve gives off a branch that supplies the? | posterior belly of the digastric, and the stylohyoid muscle |
| What is CN VIII? | Vestibulocochlear nerve |
| CN VIII enters the ______, diving as it does so into: | INTERNAL AUDITORY MEATUS Vestibular and cochlear nerves |
| The Vestibular and cochlear nerves trasmit our sense of? | balance and hearing respectively |
| what is CN IX? | Glossopharyngeal nerve |
| CN IX enters the wall of the _____ between the _____ and _____ muscles | pharynx superior and middle constrictor muscles |
| CN IX provides sensation, including taste, to the _______ and also sensation to the back of the ____? | posterior 1/3 of the tongue back of the oral cavity and the oropharynx |
| What is CN X? | Vagus nerve |
| The principle role of the vagus is to provide? | parasympathetic supply to organs throughout the thorax and upper abdomen |
| the vagus also gives sensory and motor supply to? | the pharynx and larynx |
| The vagus runs down the neck with the _______ behind it, and the ________ in front of it, all the way down to the superior thoracic aperture | internal jugular vein behind it internal and common carotid arteries in front of it |
| High in the neck, the vagus gives off a _______ branch or branches, and a large branch, the ________ nerve | PHARYNGEAL BRANCH SUPERIOR LARYNGEAL nerve |
| The pharyngeal branch or branches of the vagus enter the wall of the pharynx and they supply? | the superior and middle constrictor muscles, and all the muscles of the palate except the tensor palati |
| The SUPERIOR LARYNGEAL NERVE passes downwards and forwards towards the? | hypopharynx |
| the superior laryngeal nerve divides into what branches? | external branch and internal branch |
| The internal branch enters the wall of the ____ by passing through the ______ ______ | hypopharnx thryohyoid membrane |
| The internal branch of the superior laryngeal nerve provides sensation to the ? | hypopharynx, the epiglottis, and the part of the larynx that lies above the vocal folds |
| The external branch of the superior laryngeal nerve gives motor supply to? | the cricothyroid muscle and the inferior constrictor muscle |
| The RECURRENT LARYNGEAL NERVE goes round the ________ artery on the right, and round the _______ ____ on the left | subclavian arch of the aorta |
| In its upward course, the recurrent laryngeal nerve, it crosses the branches of the _____ ____, or runs between them | inferior thyroid artery |
| The recurrent laryngeal nerve gives motor supply to? also gives sensation to? | all the muscles of the larynx, except the cricothyroid. It also provides sensation to the larynx below the vocal folds |
| What is CN XI? | Accessory nerve |
| CN XI passes around the upper end of the _______, then passes downward and backward behind the ______ _____ | internal jugular vein posterior belly of the digastric |
| The CN XI runs beneath the? | SCM muscle |
| The accessory supplies the? | SCM, sometimes running deep to it, sometimes through it. |
| Emerging near the posterior border of the SCM, the accessory nerve runs downward and backward across the_ _____ muscle, and passes beneath the other muscles that it supplies, the _____ | splenius muscle trapezius |
| What is CN XII? | the hypoglossal nerve |
| the hypoglossal nerve emerges between the ______ and _____ | internal carotid artery and internal jugular vein |
| the hypoglossal nerve runs downward and forward across the: | external carotid artery |
| the hypoglossal nerve supplies all the: | muscles of the tongue including the intrinsic muscles, and also the geniohyoid muscle |
| the descending branch of the hypoglossal nerve (not really part of CNXII, its fibers in fact come from C1) passes downwards and forwards in front of the? its joined by a branch from ___ and ___ to form a loop called the _____ ____ | internal jugular vein C2 and C3 ansa cervicalis |
| the branches that arise from the ansa cervicalis provide the motor supply to? | all 4 of the infrahyoid muscles |
| what cranial nerves are stictly sensory? | I, II,and VIII |
| which CNs are strictly motor and control movement of the eyes? | CN III, IV, VI |
| What is the great sensory nerve to the face? | CN V |
| where are the sensory cell bodies of CN V? where does it lie? | in the trigeminal ganglion; it lies in the middle cranial fossa |
| What 3 major branches do the peripheral processes of trigeminal ganglion cells form? | opthalamic (V1) maxillary (V2) mandibular (V3) |
| *** interesting oddity: parasympathetic fibers that arise in the CN VII and IX join? | peripheral branches of the trigeminal nerve to reach their destination |
| Cranial nerve also innervates what muscles? | muscles of mastication |
| what CN is best known for innervating the muscles of facial expression? | CN VII |
| CN VII provides ___ganglionic, parasympathetic innervations to? | preganglionic sublingual and submandibular salivary glands and the lacrimal gland |
| Sensory fibers in CN VII provides? | sense of taste to the anterior 2/3 of the tongue |
| what are the nerves of the superior orbital fissure? | CN III,CN IV, CN V1, CN VI |
| what are the nerves of the cavernous sinus? | same plus V2 CN III,IV,V1,V2, VI |
| What are nerves of jugular foramen? | CN IX, X, XI, XII |
| Cranial nerve IX has several motor and sensory functions in the head and neck, most of which are difficult to assess clinically: General sensation and taste to | posterior 1/3 of the tongue |
| Cranial nerve IX has several motor and sensory functions in the head and neck: sensory to | OROPHARYNX |
| Cranial nerve IX has several motor and sensory functions in the head and neck: Provides pre-ganglionic parasympathetic control of the | PAROTID GLAND |
| Cranial nerve X innervates ____? and provides preganglionic parasympathetic innervation to? | the larynx thoracic and abdominal organs |
| Cranial nerve XI is strictly motor to? | the trapezius and sternocleidomastoid muscles |
| Cranial nerve XII is strictly motor to | the muscles of the tongue |
| The special senses of CNs include: | olfaction, vision, hearing and balance |
| The cell bodies of the neurons in these special senses are in or near the: | special sensory apparatus (i.e., in the olfactory epithelium for CN I, retina for CN II, and the vestibulocochlear apparatus for CN VIII) |
| General somatic sensation (touch, pain, temperature, etc.) and general visceral sensation (i.e., arterial pressure or blood glucose) follow a pattern that is similar to? | sensory function in spinal nerves |
| What CNs contain fibers that convey general somatic or general visceral sensation? | Only cranial nerves V, VII, IX and X |
| Sensory fibers arise from _____ neuron cell bodies that are in a ganglion associated with that cranial nerve | pseudo-unipolar sensory neuron cell bodies |
| Each sensory neuron and its peripheral fiber convey how many sensory qualities? | only ONE sensory quality |
| The central process of a sensory neuron synapses on cells of a _________ ______. The cells of the sensory nucleus then relay that information to other areas of the brain | “sensory nucleus” of the brainstem |
| Motor fibers in cranial nerves arise from? | motor nuclei of the brainstem |
| Somatic motor fibers arise from nuclei composed of? They synapse directly on? | typical somatic motor neurons (similar to those found in spinal cord ventral horn). They synapse directly on skeletal muscles |
| Visceral motor fibers in cranial nerves are invariably | preganglionic, parasympathetics |
| Visceral motor fibers arise from preganglionic, parasympathetic nuclei and leave the brainstem as | a component of a cranial nerve |
| The Visceral motor fibers synapse on cells of | parasympathetic ganglia in or near the target organs |
| Postganglionic fibers then innervate | smooth muscles or glands |
| Only cranial nerves_________ contain preganglionic parasympathetic fibers. | III, VII, IX and X |
| lesion in right optic nerve causes loss of? | right eye |
| something in the pituitary fossa that impedes on optic chiasm, what happens? | middle visual field (tunnel vision) |
| CN III carries fibers that go to? | ciliary ganglion |
| Occulomotor nerve has what type of branches? | superior and inferior branch |
| what's thru cavernous sinus? | III, IV, VI, V1, V2 (V3 is thru floor of cavernous sinus - mekel's cave) |
| Trigeminal nerve does what? | sensory to face |
| nerves that carry parasympathetic information for trigeminal will | jump on the vagus bicycle |
| Facial nerve goes to? | 1. into IAM, GG (geniculate ganglion), GPN (greater petrosal nerve) 2. into typanic cavity CT (chroda tympani) 3. out SMF |
| sensory/motor mneumonic? | Some say marry money but my brother says big brains matter more |
| what CN originate from the midbrain? | the first 4 CN I, II, III, IV |
| what CN originate from the pons? | middle 4 CN V, VI,VII, VIII |
| what CN originate from medulla oblongata? | final 4 CN IX, X,XI, XII |
| in adults all brainstem nuclei are located within? | the tegmentum, the posterior section of the brainstem (except in the midbrain where the quadrigeminal plate is most posterior) |
| A mnemonic for remembering the names of skull foramen that the branches of the trigeminal nerve (CN V) pass through is? | Standing room only standing - superior orbital fissure (frontal branch of trigeminal nerve) room - foramen rotundum (maxilary branch of trigeminal nerve) only - foramen ovale (mandibular branch of trigeminal nerve) |
| Facial nerve branches (mnemonic) | Two zebras bit my cat Temporal Zygomatic Buccal Mandibular Cervical |
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