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APUSH Review 6
Civil Rights through 2005 + bonus social studies vocab
| Question | Answer | Significance |
|---|---|---|
| Peace Corps | This program was established by President John Kennedy in 1961. Young men and women volunteered to help residents in developing nations by working as educators, health workers, and technicians | 13,000 responded to Kennedy's call before the enabling legislation was passed. |
| Limited Nuclear Test Ban Treaty | Following the Cuban Missile Crisis, the U.S. and the Soviet Union set up a "hot line" connecting the White House and Kremlin. | In 1963, the U.S. and Soviet Union signed a treaty in which they pledged not to test nuclear weapons in the atmosphere, in outer space, or under water. |
| Deficit Spending | Economic policy where government spends money that it "doesn't have," thus creating a budget deficit | Although "conventional" economic theory disapproves of this, it is commonplace during times of crisis or war (e.g., the New Deal; post-September 11, 2001) |
| "Southern Strategy" | Plan begun by Richard Nixon that has made the Republican Party dominant in many areas of the South that had previously voted Democratic | Republican like Nixon and Reagan did this by emphasizing law and order and traditional values in their campaigns |
| Détente | Refers to the lessening of tension between countries | A policy of détente between the U.S. and the Soviet Union and Communist China began with Richard Nixon. A chief architect of the policy was National Security Advisor Henry Kissinger |
| Bay of Pigs | Failed 1961 invasion of Cuba by American-supported anti-Castro refugees that was designed to topple Cuban dictator Fidel Castro from power | The prestige of the U.S., and of the newly elected president, John F. Kennedy, was damaged by this failed coup attempt |
| Postmodernism | Recent trend in cultural and historical study that doubts the existence of absolute historical certainties | It is impossible to know, for example, what "really happened" in the past. Therefore, how people observe and interpret the past becomes a source of analysis |
| Primary Source | Actual documents or accounts from an era being studied | Almost all true historical research involves analysis of primary source documents. Examples would include a letter by Lincoln, or an account by someone who knew him. |
| Historiography | The study of history and how it is written | Students of this analyze various historical interpretations and the view of historians; is not as concerned with events themselves as with how the events are interpreted. |
| Hurricane Katrina | In August 2005, this hurricane devastated the Gulf Coast from central Florida to Texas, New Orleans was flooded and suffered great devastation in the largest natural disaster in American history | Many believed that the federal government was slow and ineffective in responding |
| Operation Iraqi Freedom | President George W. Bush saw Saddam Hussein's Iraq as part of an "Axis of Evil" because of its support for terrorism and pursuit of weapons of mass destruction | The U.S. and Britain invaded Iraq on March 18, 2003, overthrowing Saddam Hussein and starting a long fight to build Iraqi democracy |
| USA Patriot Act | Response to the 9/11 attacks, signed into law on October 26, 2001 | Gave more authority to the government to search communications and records; The Treasury Department was given more power to regulate transactions with foreigners; Immigrants were regulated more closely |
| 9/11 Attack | On September 11, 2001, Al Qeda terrorists hijacked four American airliners; two slammed into the World Trade Center, one crashed into the Pentagon, and the last crashed into a field near Pittsburg after the passengers tried to resist | Almost 3,000 people died in the attacks |
| Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act of 1996 | Ended "welfare as we know it." President Clinton signed this Republican legislation that more carefully regulated the welfare system, cut the food stamp program, and encouraged "welfare-to-work" programs | Clinton's support of this angered liberals |
| New World Order | Post-Cold War view of the world that was articulated by President George H.W. Bush and embodied the optimism of the 1990s. Envisioned a world free of major conflict in which world powers would work together | For Bush, the Gulf War alliance expressed this spirit of international problem-solving |
| "No New Taxes" | President George H.W. Bush's major domestic problem was an ever-growing federal deficit. To get a deal with the Democratic Congress to lower the deficit in 1990, Bush broke his campaign promise of "no new taxes" | Many conservatives never forgave him for this decision to raise taxes |
| NAFTA (North American Free Trade Agreement) | Ratified in 1994 by the U.S. Senate, this agreement established a free trade zone between the U.S., Canada, and Mexico | Critics of the agreement claim that many jobs have been lost in the U.S. because of it |
| Globalization | Belief that the U.S. should work closely with other nations to solve common problems; was the foreign policy approach of President Clinton | Policies that supported this approach included NAFTA and "nation building" |
| Contract with America | 1994 pledge by Republican candidates for the House of Representatives. Led by Newt Gringrich, candidates promised to support term limits, balance the budget, and lessen the size of the government | In the election, the GOP won both houses of Congress for the first time in 40 years |
| Whitewater | Both President Bill Clinton and his wife, Hillary Rodham Clinton, were accused of illegal actions involving the shady Whitewater real estate deal in Arkansas | Special Prosecutor Kenneth Starr extended his inquiry to include Clinton's affair with Monica Lewinsky, leading to impeachment |
| New Democrat | Term used to describe President Bill Clinton and his congressional supporters; a New Democrat was pragmatic and not tied to the old belief in big government | New Democrats took both Democratic and Republican ideas as the crafted policies. Critics said Clinton sold out the Democratic Party's soul |
| Operation "Desert Storm" | Encouraged by President George H.W. Bush, the UN condemned Ira's invasion of Kuwait and gathered and international military force. In February 1991, the U.S. and its allies attacked Iraqi forces in Kuwait | The Iraqis were driven from Kuwait, but Saddam Hussein remained in power in Iraq |
| Operation "Desert Shield" | After Iraq invaded Kuwait on August 2, 1990, President George H.W. Bush sent American troops to protect Saudi Arabia | Bush was not going to let Iraqi dictator Saddam Hussein threaten or capture Saudi Arabia's enormous oil reserves |
| Gridlock | Situation where the president is a member of one political party and the U.S. Congress is controlled by the other party | Causes a situation where little legislation is passed; Term used by some to describe the situation with President George H.W. Bush and Congress |
| "Evil Empire" | Ronal Reagan was a robust cold warrior who responded to perceived American weakness in the 1970s by confronting and condemning the Soviet Union, which he termed the "evil empire" | Put the cruise missiles in Europe, started SDI, and launched a major military buildup |
| SDI (Strategic Defense Initiative) | President Reagan pushed through funding for the Strategic Defense Initiative, which was intended to provide the U.S. with a defense against nuclear attack with a system that could shoot down enemy missiles from outer space | Critics nicknamed the program "Star Wars" |
| WIN (Whip Inflation Now) | President Gerald Ford and his administration wrestled unsuccessfully with the unemployment and inflation that plagued the U.S. in the 1970s, pushed for tax and spending cuts | Tried to build confidence through the wearing of WIN buttons, with little success |
| "Smoking Gun" | During the Watergate scandal, President Nixon's opponents searched for a "smoking gun" that linked him to criminal activity. After a court battle, Nixon was forced to release tapes of conversations in the Oval Office that shoed him plotting a cover-up | This revelation led to his resignation |
| Opening to China | During the 1950s and 1960s the U.S. refused to diplomatically recognize the People's Republic of China ("Red China") | Richard Nixon and Henry Kissinger decided that a new approach to China was necessary. In 1972, Nixon visited China, opening a new era in Sino-American relations |
| Iran-Contra Affair | During Ronal Reagan's second term, officials sold missiles to Iran, hoping this would help free American hostages in Iran; used the profits to aid the anti-communist Contra forces in Nicaragua | This violated congressional legislation; became a major scandal that hurt Reagan |
| Tax Reform Act of 1986 | The biggest tax cut in American history, this measure cut taxes by $750 billion over 5 years and cut personal income taxes by 25% | President Reagan believed that this would stimulate the economy; critics blamed it for budget deficits |
| New Federalism | Series of Nixon administration policies that began to give some power back t the states that had been held by the federal government | Some tax dollars were returned to state and local governments in "block grants." This money was spent on local priorities |
| Yellow Journalism | Uses accounts and illustrations of lurid and sensational events to sell newspapers | Newspapers using this strategy covered the events of Cuba leading up to the Spanish-American War, and shifted American opinion toward desiring war with Spain |
| Supply-Side Economics | Economic theory adopted by Ronald Reagan stating that economic growth would be best encouraged by lowering the taxes of wealthy businessmen and investors | This would give them more cash, which they would use to start business, invest, and thereby stimulate the economy |
| New Right | Conservative movement that began in the 1960s and triumphed with the election of Ronald Reagan in 1980 | Able to attract many middle-class and southern voters to the Republican Party by emphasizing the themes of patriotism, smaller government, and "traditional values" |
| Religious Right | Primarily Protestant movement grew greatly in the 1970s and pushed to return "morality" to the forefront in American life | Especially active in opposing abortion, and since the 1980s has extended its influence into the political sphere by endorsing and campaigning for candidates |
| Affirmative Action | Policies that began in the 1970s to make up for past discrimination | Gave minorities and women advantages in applying for admission to certain universities |
| Iranian Hostage Crisis | On November 4, 1979, Iranian radicals seized the American Embassy in Tehran, and took all the Americans there hostage | Humiliated the U.S. as diplomatic and military efforts to free the hostages failed. The hostages were not freed until January 20, 1981, when Reagan took office |
| Camp David Accords | Treaty between Egypt and Israel brokered by President Jimmy Carter and signed in early 1979 | Israel agreed to give back territory in the Sinai Peninsula to Egypt, while Egypt agreed to recognize Israel's right to exist as a naiton |
| OPEC | The Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries sets the price for crude oil and determines how much of it will be produced | The decision of OPEC to raise oil prices in 1973 had a dramatic economic impact on the U.S. and the rest of the world |
| Stagflation | A unique economic situation faced political leaders of the early 1970s, where inflation and recession occurred simultaneously | Previously, in times of inflation, the economy was improving and vice versa Nixon responded with wage and price controls and increased government spending |
| "Saturday Night Massacre" | On October 20, 1973, Richard Nixon ordered the firing of Archibald Cox, the special prosecutor in the Watergate case. Attorney General Elliot Richardson and several other Justice Department officials refused to carry out this order and resigned | Damaged Nixon's popularity |
| Special Prosecutor | Official appointed to investigate specific governmental wrongdoing | Archibald Cox was assigned to investigate Watergate, while Kenneth Starr investigated the connections between President Clinton and Whitewater |
| Social History | In America History, this field has grown dramatically since the 1960s | Social Historians believe that we get a more accurate |
Created by:
apush2014