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endorcrine system
Endocrine notes for anatomy
| acetylcholine | Has ACH receptors that can be either muscanic or nicotinic |
| muscanis receptors | has M2 receptors in the heart that slows the heart down |
| Nicotinic receptors | effect skeletal muscles and aid in muscle contration |
| Biogenic Amines | epinephrine, non-epinephrine, and dopamine that are also called catecholamines. They are synthesized from tyrosine and are found in the adrenal mendulla |
| epinephrine | effects B1 receptors of the heart and speed up other heart |
| non-epinephrine | effects the B2 receptors of the blood vessels, and aid in vasodilation |
| epinephrine* | effects the A1 (alpha one) receptors in the blood vessels and aid in vasoconstriction |
| serotonin | feeling good neurotransmitter, synthesized from tryptophan |
| histamine | biogenic amine that effects allergies, vasodilation, inflammation, and also causes the blood pressure to fall. This is synthesized from histadine. |
| Glutamic Acid | located in the brain, and binds to the glutamate receptors |
| Glycine | located in the spinal cord and binds to the glycine receptors, this also causes chloride to enter the cell and hyperpolarizes that cell which causes for a more fluid movement of muscles |
| Nitric Oxide | causes vasodilation of blood flow |
| Hormone | starts at the source, travels through blood, goes to the target site and then binds to the target receptor and elicits response |
| Local hormones | don't fire |
| Autocrine effects | bind to receptors on the source itself and controls its own secretion. |
| paracrine effects | effects the cells next to the source |
| endocrine effects on homeostasis | maintain balance between inside and outside the cell |
| ADH | anti-diuretic hormone, that prevent urinary loss of water. Causes reabsorption of water in kidneys |
| diabetes insipidus | tasteless urine= no sugar |
| diabetes mellitus | honey urine= sweet |
| aldosterone (Sodium) | sodium retention in kidneys |
| aldosterone (reproduction) | androgonal in males and estrodial in females |
| progestrone | hormone responsible for maintaining pregnancy. The corpus lutem secretes this |
| HCG | Human Chorionic gonadotropin = hormone from the placenta that is used to detect pregnancy |
| Other sex hormones found in both men and women | follistatin, activin, inhibin and relaxin |
| Growth Hormone | Somatotropin that increases height and may even cause hyperglycemia. This growth hormone acts on the liver in which the liver secretes somatomedians that effect the epiphysis of the long bones, thus they grow. |
| Metabolism hormone | insulin = Hypoglycemia glucagen = hyperglycemia epinephrine = acts on fat called lipolysis growth hormone = protein synthesis |
| CCK (Cholecystokinin | lack of this hormone causes bulimia |
| other Digestive hormones | Gastrin, orexin, secretin, somatostatin and leptin |
| Gherlin | hormone responsible for food uptake |
| Motilin | hormone responsible for promoting peristalsis of food |
| Protein hormones or Peptide hormones | Hypothalamus pituitary pineal parathyroid pancreas thymus |
| steroid hormones | cholesterol is the precursor these hormones are examples such as vitamin D3, adrenal corticol hormones, gonadotropin hormones |
| Eicosanoids | 20 carbon fatty acids. These are example of prostaglandins and leucotriennes. Of the Plasma membrane, the phospholipids, that breaks down into phospholipase C, that thus forms arachidonic acids |
| Thromboxanne A2 | example of a prostaglandin that permit clotting, vasoconstriction, and platelet aggregation. |
| PGI2 | example of a prostaglandin that inhibits clotting |
| PGA2 alpha | example of a prostaglandin that aids in uterine contraction |
| PGE | example of a prostaglandin that aids in fever (Pyroxia) substance B from pain fibers |
| Transportation of Peptide hormone | are hydrophilic, therefore that are soluble and circulate in blood freely. |
| Transportation of Steroid hormones | are hydrophobic thus they require a carrier |
| testosterone transport | transport via androgen binding protein |
| t3/t4 transport | transport via thyroxin binding globulins |
| cortisol transport | transport via cortisol binding globulins |
| Half life | how fast a hormone gets out of the system |
| Short half life | last 3-6 minutes, goes down by 50% every 3-6 minutes, these are fast acting hormones such as the catecholamines |
| Long half life | last 5-6 hours or up to 10 days, these are slow acting hormones such as steroids. |
| Mode of action for protein hormones | hydrophilic, so they cant cross cell membrane and the act via cell receptors |
| Mode of action for steroid hormones | hydrophilic, so they can cross cell membranes, so they act via genes, nuclear receptors and cytosolic receptors |
| SRIF: somatotropin release inhibiting factor Growth Hormone | somatotropin > liver> somatomedians (insulin growth factor 1 and 2) > epiphysis of the bone. |
| ACTH: Adreno Corticotrophic Hormone CRH: corticotrophin release hormone | ACTH > adrenal cortex > Cortisol> aldosterone > Dehydroepiandosterone > testosterone > estrogren Found in the Adrenal gland! |
| TSH: Thyroid stimulating hormone TRH: Thyrotropin release hormone | TSH > thyroid > T3( Tridothyromine) & T4 (tetraidothromine) |
| Prolactin | hormone that causes milk let down |
| Melanotropic Hormone | MSH (melanocyte stimulating hormone) that causes skin pigmentation. MIR= melanotropin inhibiting hormone |
| Gonadotropins : FSH | FSH (Follicle stimulating hormone) that causes that formation of mature follicle ovum and sperm. GnRH = Gonadtropin release hormone |
| Gonadotrpins: LH | LH ( luteninzing hormone). Causes the release of the ovum. GnRH = Gonadtropin release hormone |
| Calcitonin | hypocalcemic hormone. Calcitonin is secreted by the parafollicle cells in the thyroid |
| parathyroid | PTH ( parathyroid hormone) this is a hypercalcemic hormone that increase plasma Calcium |
| Pineal | Melatonin : Sleep inducing hormone. This hormone is secreted in the darkness and can even inhibit maturation of the gonads in animals |
| pancreas: Islet of Langerhans: Insulin | beta cells that cause hypoglycemia |
| pancreas: Islet of Langerhans: glucagon | alpha cells that cause hyperglycemia |
| pancreas: Islet of Langerhans: Somatostatin | D-cells that inhibit both glucagon and insulin |
| thymus | thymosin, where the maturation of T-cells occurs |
| Kidneys | secrete erythropoietin that causes RBCS formation and is only secreted during hypoxia (low levels of oxygen) |
| Stomach/ Intestine | The GI tracts secretes: secretin, motilin, CCK, gherlin, and gastrin |
| Skin | Secretes the hormone Vitamin D3, 1,25 dehydroxycholecaficied, that enables calcium absorption in the gut |
| G-protein receptors | glucagen and epinephrine are exmaples. These have second messengers |
| Non-G protein receptors | insulin is an example and they DONT have second messengers |
| Second messengers for G-protein receptors | CaMP DAG Calcium insitolsol 3,4,5, triphosphate |
| How second messenger works | 1. hormone binds to the site 2. alpha unit separates and activates the enzyme adenylate cyclase 3. enzyme converts ATP into CaMP 4. CaMP acts as the second messenger and activate protein kinase A 5. protein kinase a elcits response |
| alpha 1 receptor for epinephrine | vasoconstriction Gs type CAMP generated |
| beta 2 for receptor for epinephrine | vasodilator Gi type no CaMP generater |
| Desensitization | receptor is there, hormone is there but no effect. Example of this is diabetes mellitus |
| Crenitism | lack of T3/T4 |
| oxytocin | hormone responsible for milk let down |
| thyroid structure | largest endocrine gland |
| colloid | hallow space that release thryglobulin > Tyrosine > T3/T4 (iodine comes into the secretory epithelium cell and in turn aids in the secretion of T3/T4) |
| T3/T4 | Calorigin: energy production (Basal metabolic rate) |
| hyperthyroidism | goiter or graves disease. Producing too much T3/T4. Antibodies acts on thyroid, but no feed back with the antibodies. Person may have tachycardia |
| hypothyroidism | when follicles are enlarged, there is an iodine deficiency, not enough T3/T4 produced. |
| adrenal cortex outer layer | zona glomerulosa: aldosterone (mineralcorticoid) |
| adrenal cortex middle layer | zona fasciculate: cortisol (glucocorticoid) |
| adrenal cortex inner layer | zona reticuluarius: dehydroepiandosterone (gonadocorticoid) |
| Coritisol: metabolism | protein > amino acids> glucose > hypercalcemia |
| Cushing syndrome | overactive adrenal cortex hyperglycemia and hypertension high blood pressure and sugar |
| Addison disease | lower activity of cortex and lower blood pressure hypotension and hypoglycemia |
| insulin promotes :anabolic | oxidation, lipogensis, glucogensis and protein synthesis |
| glucagen promotes: catabolic | glucogenolysis, lipolysis, breakdown of proteins |
| Type I Diabetes: insulin dependent | juvenile type, auto-immune disease, antibodies against B-cells, causes ketosis |
| Type II Diabetes: non-insulin dependent | adult onset type, receptor not responding, |
Created by:
nevashajohnson