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permafrost
layer of soil below the surface that remains permanently frozen
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| permafrost | layer of soil below the surface that remains permanently frozen. |
| Intelligentsia | intellectuals or highly educated people as a group, esp. when regarded as possessing culture and political influence. |
| Prince Vladimir | the efforts of missionaries as well as trading contacts convinced the ruler of Kiev. |
| Ivan the Terrible | Ivan the Great's grandson, Ivan IV, who was crowed czar in the mid-1500s, worked to strengthen the autocracy. |
| Peter the Great | he set out to introduce western ideas to Russia. he hired western engineers, shipbuilders, and other technical experts to modernize Russia's army and many as well as build modern industries. |
| Catherine the Great | a czar who continued Peter's reforms. |
| Czar Nicholas II | a new form of socialism had become popular among revolutionaries. |
| Rasputin | Siberian peasant monk who was religious advisor in the court of Nicholas II; was assassinated by Russian noblemen who feared that his debauchery would weaken the monarchy (1872-1916) |
| Vladimir Lenin | Russian founder of the Bolsheviks and leader of the Russian Revolution and first head of the USSR (1870-1924) |
| Joseph Stalin | Russian leader who succeeded Lenin as head of the Communist Party and created a totalitarian state by purging all opposition (1879-1953) |