Question 1

Woodrow Wilson

Accepted Answer

-Administration is separate 
from politics
-Government best done by technocrats 
–  Bureaucracy can be like a “business”

Question 2

James Q. Wilson

Accepted Answer

1.  Bureaucracy is shaped by politics 
– Cannot be adequately separated from politics 
– Different conclusion from W. Wilson 
2.  Fundamentally 
different from 
“business"

Question 3

Mayhew

Accepted Answer

•  Advertising 
•  Credit-Claiming 
•  Position-taking 
Congress has been designed to maximize 
the effectiveness of these activities.

Question 4

When Senator Strom Thurmond spoke 
for over twenty-four hours in an attempt to 
block a piece of civil rights legislation, he 
used the: 
a. cloture motion 
b. filibuster 
c. blockade 
d. blockack method

Accepted Answer

b. filibuster

Question 5

Representatives who believe that they 
have been elected in order to do the bidding 
of those who sent them to the legislature 
are considered to be serving as : 
a. trustees 
b. politicos 
c. delegates 
d. bosses

Accepted Answer

c. delegates

Question 6

Compared to the House of 
Representatives, the Senate serves 
constituencies that are: 
a. Larger and more diverse 
b. Smaller and more diverse 
c. Larger and more homogeneous 
d. Smaller and more homogeneous

Accepted Answer

a. Larger and more diverse

Question 7

The American Presidency was 
established by: 
a. Congress 
b. The Declaration of Independence 
c. Article I of the Constitution 
d. Article II of the Constitution 
e. Article III of the Constitution

Accepted Answer

d. Article II of the Constitution

Question 8

What are the powers specifically granted 
to the president in the text of the 
constitution called? 
a. manifest 
b. delegated 
c. expressed 
d. articulated 
e. direct

Accepted Answer

c. expressed

Question 9

solution to presidential selection through an indirect election in which electors would be selected by state legislators 
to participate in the: 
a. state caucus 
b. popular vote 
c. electoral college 
d. national primary 
e. presidential referendum

Accepted Answer

c. electoral college

Question 10

For most of its history, United States 
foreign policy has been mostly described as 
either: 
a. neutral & popular 
b. neutral & isolated 
c. unilateral & engaged 
d. engaged & popular

Accepted Answer

c. unilateral & engaged

Question 11

Which of the following domestic 
government institutions help create foreign 
policy: 
a. congress 
b. the electoral college 
c. local governments 
d. state governments 
e. all of the above

Accepted Answer

a. congress

Question 12

Who said that the United States must 
“make the world safe for democracy”? 
a. Thomas Jefferson 
b. Alexander Hamilton 
c. Theodore Roosevelt 
d. Woodrow Wilson 
e. Harry S. Truman

Accepted Answer

d. Woodrow Wilson

Question 13

When President George Washington 
received Edmond Genet as the formal 
emissary of the revolutionary government of 
France in 1793 and had his cabinet officers 
and Congress back his decision, Washington 
established the presidential power to:

Accepted Answer

recognize other countries

Question 14

Agency Representation

Accepted Answer

Agency Representation: Legislators are 
held accountable by their constituents if 
they fail to represent them properly

Question 15

Delegate:

Accepted Answer

Legislators vote according to 
the preferences of their constituencies.

Question 16

Trustee

Accepted Answer

Legislators vote based on what 
they think is best for their constituencies.

Question 17

Congress is a bicameral legislative 
assembly: it is composed of __ 
chambers, or houses.

Accepted Answer

2

Question 18

Difference between The Two Houses

Accepted Answer

•  The Senate is smaller and more 
deliberative."
•  The House is larger, and thus power is 
more centralized and the process is more 
organized.

Question 19

House districts must be 
reapportioned how often?

Accepted Answer

•  Every 10 years,

Question 20

Party Organization

Accepted Answer

Members organize themselves into party 
coalitions in the House and Senate called 
a caucus (Democrats) or a conference 
(Republicans).
Members are also organized into standing 
committees divided by policy jurisdiction."

Question 21

Committees have:"

Accepted Answer

– gatekeeping authority: the right to decide if a 
change in policy will be considered"
– proposal power: the capacity to bring a 
proposal before the chamber

Question 22

T/F Most bills die in committee?

Accepted Answer

True

Question 23

Rules Committee,

Accepted Answer

determines the rules 
under which the bill will be debated on the 
ﬂoor, where the majority rules.

Question 24

a closed rule

Accepted Answer

prohibits the introduction of 
amendments

Question 25

– an open rule

Accepted Answer

–permits the addition of amendments

Question 26

It takes _____ of the Senate (___ votes) to invoke cloture (end of debate)

Accepted Answer

3/5ths, 60

Question 27

ﬁlibuster

Accepted Answer

a delaying tactic in which 
senators do not allow debate to end—to 
kill legislation."

Question 28

Concurrence

Accepted Answer

To become a law, a bill must be passed in 
exactly the same form in both chambers."

Question 29

veto

Accepted Answer

The president may veto legislation and 
Congress may only override the veto with 
a two-thirds vote in each chamber."
•  Presidents generally use the threat of a 
veto to shape legislation and try to avoid having a veto 
overridden."

Question 30

Expressed Powers vs.
Inherent Powers

Accepted Answer

Expressed Powers are Speciﬁc powers 
granted to the president under Article II"
Inherent Powers: Powers are claimed by a 
president that are not expressed but are 
inferred from it

Question 31

Delegated Powers

Accepted Answer

Delegated Powers: Constitutional powers 
that are assigned to one government 
agency but exercised by another agency 
with the express permission of the ﬁrst"

Question 32

Military, judicial, & diplomatic Expressed Powers

Accepted Answer

Military"
president titled 
commander in chief."
– Presidents have effectively used this title as 
the power to make war.
Judicial: May grant pardons and amnesty"
•  Diplomatic"
– Negotiate treaties"
– May receive foreign ambassadors

Question 33

Executive vs legislative expressed powers

Accepted Answer

•  Executive"
– The president ensures the Laws 
be faithfully executed.”"
– The president may nominate executive and 
judicial ofﬁcials."
•  Legislative"
– The president gives information to the 
Congress and recommends measures."
– The veto

Question 34

Administrative Adjudication:

Accepted Answer

The application of rules and precedents to 
speciﬁc cases to settle disputes

Question 35

Devolution

Accepted Answer

the policy of removing a program 
from one level of government and passing it 
down to a lower level – is another way to 
downsize the federal government

Question 36

Covert vs. Clandestine

Accepted Answer

Clandestine: activity is 
hidden, actor is known 
Covert: activity is 
known, actor is secret

Question 37

interest groups

Accepted Answer

An interest group is an organized group of 
individuals or organizations that makes 
policy-related appeals to government."

Question 38

Interest groups Paradox

Accepted Answer

Interest groups enhance democracy by 
representing individuals, encouraging 
political participation, and educating the 
public."
•  But interest groups represent the private 
interests of a few, not the public interest."

Question 39

Pluralism

Accepted Answer

Pluralism is the theory that all interests are 
and should be free to compete for 
inﬂuence in the government."

Question 40

Collective Action Principle

Accepted Answer

•  Collections of individuals might have 
common goals and might beneﬁt from 
cooperation, but cooperation is not easy."
•  Individuals may not see their common 
goals or may lack individual incentives to 
work together."

Question 41

•  In The Logic of Collective Action

Accepted Answer

•  In The Logic of Collective Action, Mancur 
Olson argues that individuals organizing 
into groups face the prisoner’s dilemma."
Individuals are tempted to let 
others pay the costs."
No individual is incentivized 
to work for the collective good.

Question 42

Paradox of Collective Action

Accepted Answer

Groups of individuals who share an interest 
often do not organize to pursue it.

Question 43

Selective beneﬁts

Accepted Answer

Selective beneﬁts are those provided 
only to group members to entice members 
to join and contribute. Beneﬁts can be:"
– Informational"
– Material"
– Solidary"
– Purposive"

Question 44

Types of Selective beneﬁts

Accepted Answer

Informational: newsletters, periodicals, 
training programs, conferences, and other 
information"
•  Material: goods and services"
•  Solidary: friendship, networking"
•  Purposive: accomplishments"

Question 45

Insider strategies"

Accepted Answer

– Directly inﬂuencing decision makers"
– Pursuing advocacy through the courts

Question 46

Outsider strategies

Accepted Answer

– Educating the public"
– Campaigning and contributing to candidates

Question 47

Lobbying

Accepted Answer

Lobbying is an attempt by a group to 
inﬂuence the policy process through 
persuasion of government ofﬁcials."
•  Lobbyists do some good:"
– Provide information"
– Make sure group concerns are heard

Question 48

Mancur Olsen & Lobbying

Accepted Answer

•  Perfectly informed citizens don’t exist 
•  Individuals who obtain greater knowledge 
of public affairs will also obtain greater 
influence in those public affairs

Question 49

Three Problems to overcome with political parties

Accepted Answer

•  Collective action: "
– difﬁcult to get elected"
– recruit candidates"
•  Choice of policy:"
–  coalitions align behind policy options"
•  Restrain & channel ambition"
– Organize political activity

Question 50

Collective Action Principle:
A two-way street

Accepted Answer

Groups provide parties 
with resources and parties provide groups 
with inﬂuence over government.

Question 51

Closed primary

Accepted Answer

an election in which only 
those voters who registered with the party 
a speciﬁed period before Election Day can 
participate"

Question 52

Open primary

Accepted Answer

Open primary: an election in which voters 
can choose on Election Day itself which 
party’s primary to vote in

Question 53

Parties Candidate Needs

Accepted Answer

Parties provide services to candidate 
organizations:"
– money"
– voter lists and engage in GOTV"
– campaign advice"
– coordinate expenditures"
•  Parties supplement and support candidate 
campaigns."

Question 54

Why two parties?"

Accepted Answer

-" Winner-take-all elections"
– No ideological room for more than two"
– The two larger parties “eat” third parties"
– Legal barriers to third parties: primary system, 
for example"

Question 55

History of Parties

Accepted Answer

•  Federalists"
– Washington, Hamilton, Adams"
– Northeasterners, mercantile and business 
interests"
•  Democratic-Republicans"
– Jefferson, Madison"
– Southerners, agrarian interests"
•  The Federalists disappeared after the War 
of 1812.

Question 56

Individual opinion

Accepted Answer

what one person thinks about 
issues, leaders, institutions, and events

Question 57

Aggregate Opinion

Accepted Answer

the accumulation of these 
individual beliefs as expressed in polls, votes, 
town meetings, protests, etc.

Question 58

Preferences vs. beliefs

Accepted Answer

•  Preferences are shaped by economic 
self-interest and social/moral values; 
some preferences may be held more ﬁrmly 
than others.
Beliefs reﬂect how people understand the 
world and the consequences of actions.!

Question 59

Stability of Opinion

Accepted Answer

Opinion is not static, however. change is incremental and holds a 
consistent trajectory

Question 60

We can expect that public opinion will vary 
signiﬁcantly over time on each of the 
following EXCEPT
A.  the president.!
B.  environmental regulation.!
C.  equality of opportunity."
D.  trust in government.!

Accepted Answer

C.  equality of opportunity."

Question 61

Socialization

Accepted Answer

A process through which individuals 
assimilate community preferences and 
norms through social interactions

Question 62

random-digit dialing,

Accepted Answer

random-number generator produces a list 
of as many 10-digit phone numbers as the 
pollster deems necessary.

Question 63

Liberal View on foreign policy

Accepted Answer

Public opinion is necessary and sufficient for 
reasoned, successful foreign policy. 
Secrecy, limiting decision-making to small group 
•  Almost always lead to war

Question 64

Realist View on foreign policy

Accepted Answer

•  The public cannot be relied upon to responsibly 
conduct foreign affairs. 
–  Swayed by emotion 
– Un-informed or mis-informed 
– Issues are too complex: 
 “The enemy of my enemy is my friend.” 
 Public views relationships as ends not means

Question	Answer
Woodrow Wilson	-Administration is separate from politics -Government best done by technocrats –  Bureaucracy can be like a “business”
James Q. Wilson	1.  Bureaucracy is shaped by politics – Cannot be adequately separated from politics – Different conclusion from W. Wilson 2.  Fundamentally different from “business"
Mayhew	•  Advertising •  Credit-Claiming •  Position-taking Congress has been designed to maximize the effectiveness of these activities.
When Senator Strom Thurmond spoke for over twenty-four hours in an attempt to block a piece of civil rights legislation, he used the: a. cloture motion b. filibuster c. blockade d. blockack method	b. filibuster
Representatives who believe that they have been elected in order to do the bidding of those who sent them to the legislature are considered to be serving as : a. trustees b. politicos c. delegates d. bosses	c. delegates
Compared to the House of Representatives, the Senate serves constituencies that are: a. Larger and more diverse b. Smaller and more diverse c. Larger and more homogeneous d. Smaller and more homogeneous	a. Larger and more diverse
The American Presidency was established by: a. Congress b. The Declaration of Independence c. Article I of the Constitution d. Article II of the Constitution e. Article III of the Constitution	d. Article II of the Constitution
What are the powers specifically granted to the president in the text of the constitution called? a. manifest b. delegated c. expressed d. articulated e. direct	c. expressed
solution to presidential selection through an indirect election in which electors would be selected by state legislators to participate in the: a. state caucus b. popular vote c. electoral college d. national primary e. presidential referendum	c. electoral college
For most of its history, United States foreign policy has been mostly described as either: a. neutral & popular b. neutral & isolated c. unilateral & engaged d. engaged & popular	c. unilateral & engaged
Which of the following domestic government institutions help create foreign policy: a. congress b. the electoral college c. local governments d. state governments e. all of the above	a. congress
Who said that the United States must “make the world safe for democracy”? a. Thomas Jefferson b. Alexander Hamilton c. Theodore Roosevelt d. Woodrow Wilson e. Harry S. Truman	d. Woodrow Wilson
When President George Washington received Edmond Genet as the formal emissary of the revolutionary government of France in 1793 and had his cabinet officers and Congress back his decision, Washington established the presidential power to:	recognize other countries
Agency Representation	Agency Representation: Legislators are held accountable by their constituents if they fail to represent them properly
Delegate:	Legislators vote according to the preferences of their constituencies.
Trustee	Legislators vote based on what they think is best for their constituencies.
Congress is a bicameral legislative assembly: it is composed of __ chambers, or houses.	2
Difference between The Two Houses	•  The Senate is smaller and more deliberative." •  The House is larger, and thus power is more centralized and the process is more organized.
House districts must be reapportioned how often?	•  Every 10 years,
Party Organization	Members organize themselves into party coalitions in the House and Senate called a caucus (Democrats) or a conference (Republicans). Members are also organized into standing committees divided by policy jurisdiction."
Committees have:"	– gatekeeping authority: the right to decide if a change in policy will be considered" – proposal power: the capacity to bring a proposal before the chamber
T/F Most bills die in committee?	True
Rules Committee,	determines the rules under which the bill will be debated on the ﬂoor, where the majority rules.
a closed rule	prohibits the introduction of amendments
– an open rule	–permits the addition of amendments
It takes _____ of the Senate (___ votes) to invoke cloture (end of debate)	3/5ths, 60
ﬁlibuster	a delaying tactic in which senators do not allow debate to end—to kill legislation."
Concurrence	To become a law, a bill must be passed in exactly the same form in both chambers."
veto	The president may veto legislation and Congress may only override the veto with a two-thirds vote in each chamber." •  Presidents generally use the threat of a veto to shape legislation and try to avoid having a veto overridden."
Expressed Powers vs. Inherent Powers	Expressed Powers are Speciﬁc powers granted to the president under Article II" Inherent Powers: Powers are claimed by a president that are not expressed but are inferred from it
Delegated Powers	Delegated Powers: Constitutional powers that are assigned to one government agency but exercised by another agency with the express permission of the ﬁrst"
Military, judicial, & diplomatic Expressed Powers	Military" president titled commander in chief." – Presidents have effectively used this title as the power to make war. Judicial: May grant pardons and amnesty" •  Diplomatic" – Negotiate treaties" – May receive foreign ambassadors
Executive vs legislative expressed powers	•  Executive" – The president ensures the Laws be faithfully executed.”" – The president may nominate executive and judicial ofﬁcials." •  Legislative" – The president gives information to the Congress and recommends measures." – The veto
Administrative Adjudication:	The application of rules and precedents to speciﬁc cases to settle disputes
Devolution	the policy of removing a program from one level of government and passing it down to a lower level – is another way to downsize the federal government
Covert vs. Clandestine	Clandestine: activity is hidden, actor is known Covert: activity is known, actor is secret
interest groups	An interest group is an organized group of individuals or organizations that makes policy-related appeals to government."
Interest groups Paradox	Interest groups enhance democracy by representing individuals, encouraging political participation, and educating the public." •  But interest groups represent the private interests of a few, not the public interest."
Pluralism	Pluralism is the theory that all interests are and should be free to compete for inﬂuence in the government."
Collective Action Principle	•  Collections of individuals might have common goals and might beneﬁt from cooperation, but cooperation is not easy." •  Individuals may not see their common goals or may lack individual incentives to work together."
•  In The Logic of Collective Action	•  In The Logic of Collective Action, Mancur Olson argues that individuals organizing into groups face the prisoner’s dilemma." Individuals are tempted to let others pay the costs." No individual is incentivized to work for the collective good.
Paradox of Collective Action	Groups of individuals who share an interest often do not organize to pursue it.
Selective beneﬁts	Selective beneﬁts are those provided only to group members to entice members to join and contribute. Beneﬁts can be:" – Informational" – Material" – Solidary" – Purposive"
Types of Selective beneﬁts	Informational: newsletters, periodicals, training programs, conferences, and other information" •  Material: goods and services" •  Solidary: friendship, networking" •  Purposive: accomplishments"
Insider strategies"	– Directly inﬂuencing decision makers" – Pursuing advocacy through the courts
Outsider strategies	– Educating the public" – Campaigning and contributing to candidates
Lobbying	Lobbying is an attempt by a group to inﬂuence the policy process through persuasion of government ofﬁcials." •  Lobbyists do some good:" – Provide information" – Make sure group concerns are heard
Mancur Olsen & Lobbying	•  Perfectly informed citizens don’t exist •  Individuals who obtain greater knowledge of public affairs will also obtain greater influence in those public affairs
Three Problems to overcome with political parties	•  Collective action: " – difﬁcult to get elected" – recruit candidates" •  Choice of policy:" –  coalitions align behind policy options" •  Restrain & channel ambition" – Organize political activity
Collective Action Principle: A two-way street	Groups provide parties with resources and parties provide groups with inﬂuence over government.
Closed primary	an election in which only those voters who registered with the party a speciﬁed period before Election Day can participate"
Open primary	Open primary: an election in which voters can choose on Election Day itself which party’s primary to vote in
Parties Candidate Needs	Parties provide services to candidate organizations:" – money" – voter lists and engage in GOTV" – campaign advice" – coordinate expenditures" •  Parties supplement and support candidate campaigns."
Why two parties?"	-" Winner-take-all elections" – No ideological room for more than two" – The two larger parties “eat” third parties" – Legal barriers to third parties: primary system, for example"
History of Parties	•  Federalists" – Washington, Hamilton, Adams" – Northeasterners, mercantile and business interests" •  Democratic-Republicans" – Jefferson, Madison" – Southerners, agrarian interests" •  The Federalists disappeared after the War of 1812.
Individual opinion	what one person thinks about issues, leaders, institutions, and events
Aggregate Opinion	the accumulation of these individual beliefs as expressed in polls, votes, town meetings, protests, etc.
Preferences vs. beliefs	•  Preferences are shaped by economic self-interest and social/moral values; some preferences may be held more ﬁrmly than others. Beliefs reﬂect how people understand the world and the consequences of actions.!
Stability of Opinion	Opinion is not static, however. change is incremental and holds a consistent trajectory
We can expect that public opinion will vary signiﬁcantly over time on each of the following EXCEPT A.  the president.! B.  environmental regulation.! C.  equality of opportunity." D.  trust in government.!	C.  equality of opportunity."
Socialization	A process through which individuals assimilate community preferences and norms through social interactions
random-digit dialing,	random-number generator produces a list of as many 10-digit phone numbers as the pollster deems necessary.
Liberal View on foreign policy	Public opinion is necessary and sufficient for reasoned, successful foreign policy. Secrecy, limiting decision-making to small group •  Almost always lead to war
Realist View on foreign policy	•  The public cannot be relied upon to responsibly conduct foreign affairs. –  Swayed by emotion – Un-informed or mis-informed – Issues are too complex: “The enemy of my enemy is my friend.” Public views relationships as ends not means
Almond-Lippmann Consensus	•  Public opinion is highly volatile –  dubious foundations for a sound foreign policy. •  Public attitudes on foreign affairs lack coherence –  “non-attitudes.” •  Public opinion has a very limited impact on the conduct of foreign policy.
In aggregate:______ opinions are cancelled out statistically	erroneous
Democratic Puzzle	1.  Informed electorate necessary for democratic government 2.  The American public is not well informed . 1.  The public aren’t really uninformed 2.  A representative government doesn’t really require a fully informed public
In egards to Democratic Deficit, American public tends to prefer… •  _____ cooperation with International Organizations •  _____ unilateral action •  _____ use of force –  Especially without U.N. Security Council approval …than policy makers.	•  More cooperation with International Organizations •  Less unilateral action •  Less use of force –  Especially without U.N. Security Council approval …than policy makers.
Page & Bouton’s basic argument:	1.  If the public can hold rational, consistent opinions based on strongly held values, 2.  And if they aren’t badly mis-informed, 3.  Then policy makers should conform their decisions to public preferences.
View from Government	•  Public opinion is important •  But it is easily manipulated •  It is very hard to measure accurately •  Success relies on secrecy, in most cases •  Secrecy makes it hard for the public to form helpful preferences
• Public Opinion	Citizens attitudes about political issues, leaders, institutions, and events! – Preferences, beliefs, and choices matter
The 4th Branch of Government	The Media
what are the oldest forms of printed political communication?	Newspapers and magazines are the oldest forms of printed political communication.
Freedom of the Press	•  Guaranteed in the First Amendment" •  Prior restraint: an effort by a government agency to block the publication of material it deems libelous or harmful in some other way"
Federal Communications Commission (FCC) "	– Licenses broadcasters and regulates profanity, obscenity, and indecency
Equal Time Rule:	Broadcasters must provide candidates for the same ofﬁce an equal opportunity to communicate their messages.
Right of Rebuttal:	Individuals have the right to respond to personal attacks.
Fairness Doctrine:	The FCC requires broadcasters to provide time for opposing views on issues."
Robert Dahl on Democracy	1.  Effective participation 2.  Voting equality 3.  Enlightened understanding 4.  Control of the agenda 5.  Inclusiveness
T/F? More journalists identify themselves as Democrats and liberals than as Republicans and conservatives."	True
Framing	to highlight a certain aspect of perceived reality in such a way that promotes a particular problem definition, causal interpretation, moral evaluation, or solution.”
Equivalency Framing	Based on Equivalency – 20% chance of success – 80% chance of failure •  Different wording yields different results
Episodic Framing	Focuses on the immediate effects of an event – Who, what, when, where, how – Most reporting is episodic, especially immediately after news “breaks” – Makes for good “pictures
Thematic Framing	•  Includes details about origins of a particular news item; gives context – Very little TV news is thematic – Thematic Framing comes later
Framing Effects: Episodic •  In crime-and-punishment stories:	– Elicits support for enforcement actions – Focuses on individuals
Framing Effects: Episodic In conflict/warfare/terror stories:	-In conflict/warfare/terror stories: – Elicits support for response—action – Focuses on groups “the other”
Framing Effects: Thematic •  In crime-and-punishment stories:	•  In crime-and-punishment stories: – Raises interest in social structures – Elicits support for “social justice”
Framing Effects: Thematic •  In conflict/warfare/terror stories:	– Does not diminish support for response – But, can focus on individual “stories”
Indexing	Aligning media frames with official, government frames – Taken as “granted” – More likely in situations where reporters are reliant on official sources of information
how does Media relates to public opinion?	– Agenda setting – Priming – Framing
George Gallup	Opinion Polling •  Polling will mitigate to power of interest groups over elected representatives
Richard Morin	•  Polls are risky: meaning can be mistaken •  People are willing to answer questions they don’t understand
Markus Prior	…More means less •  Greater access to information, easier to obtain –  Yet, political knowledge remains low
Immobilism:	short-term technical solutions over long-term commitments or change
Most nationwide radio talk shows tend to support causes and candidates who are: a.  liberal b.  apolitical c.  moderate d.  conservative e.  physically attractive	d.  conservative
2. Citizens’ attitudes about political issues, leaders, institutions, and events, when aggregated together, are known as: a.  civic attention b.  public opinion c.  popular culture d.  community spirit e.  the collective soul	b.  public opinion
The actual selection of the Speaker of the House is made by the: a.  president b.  vice-president c.  Electoral College d.  majority party caucus e.  House Rules Committee	d.  majority party caucus
Which term describes an individual voter’s psychological tie to one party? a.  political ego b.  long-term polarity c.  partisan fixation d.  political orientation e.  party identification	e.  party identification
Interest groups tend to concern themselves with the: a.  policies of government b.  personnel of government c.  issues relevant to business only d.  issues relevant to individual citizens e.  issues relevant to foreign nations	a.  policies of government
Per broadcast hour, radio stations usually devote how much time to coverage of the news? a.  five minutes b.  eleven minutes c.  seventeen minutes d.  twenty-five minutes e.  fifty-five minutes	e.  fifty-five minutes
Per broadcast hour, radio stations usually devote how much time to coverage of the news? a.  five minutes b.  eleven minutes c.  seventeen minutes d.  twenty-five minutes e.  fifty-five minutes	a.  five minutes
. The process through which underlying beliefs and values are formed is collectively called: a.  fermentation b.  persuasion c.  socialization d.  development e.  indoctrination	c.  socialization
During the nineteenth century, a liberal was an individual who favored: a.  freedom from state control b.  expansion of federal social services c.  extensive government intervention in the economy	a.  freedom from state control
When the media choose to present a story from a particular angle to invoke a desired reaction, people are influenced through the process known as: a.  sniping b.  priming c.  plastering d.  overcoverage e.  framing	e.  framing
Overcome Three Problems	•  Collective action: " – difﬁcult to get elected" – recruit candidates" •  Choice of policy:" –  coalitions align behind policy options" •  Restrain & channel ambition" – Organize political activity
Pluralism	Pluralism is the theory that all interests are and should be free to compete for inﬂuence in the government."
In The Logic of Collective Action	In The Logic of Collective Action, Mancur Olson argues that individuals organizing into groups face the prisoners dilemma." •  Thus, groups of individuals who share an interest often do not organize to pursue it."
Priming	•  What to think about, not what to think •  How should the public evaluate: – policy, politicians, outcomes •  Creates issue “salience”
individual vs. aggregate government involvement	two levels:" – Individual: what one person thinks about issues, leaders, institutions, and events" – Aggregate: the accumulation of these individual beliefs as expressed in polls, votes, town meetings, protests, etc.
. The district that makes up the area from which an official is elected is known as his or her: a. home turf d. terra firma b. geographic center e. constituency	e. constituency
How often do voters elect members to the House of Representatives? a. every year d. every six years b. every two years e. members serve life terms c. every four years	b. every two years e
What is the most important revenue agency in the United States today? a. Internal Revenue Service (IRS) d. Division of Taxation b. Department of the Treasury e. Federal Reserve c. Federal Reserve Bank	a. Internal Revenue Service (IRS)

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POLS 112 final