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Chemistry 161
Chapter 4
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Groups | Columns |
| Periods | Rows |
| Aufbau Principle | Group number indicates number of electrons in the valence shell of that element in the main group. |
| Vertical Trend | The greater the (n), shell number, the further away it is from the nucleus. |
| Horizontal Trend | Across a period the size |
| Valence electrons | Outermost electrons of an atom |
| Nuclear charge (Z) | The number of protons in the nucleus of an atom |
| Effective Nuclear Charge (Z eft) | Actual magnitude of positive charge that is "experienced" by an electron in the atom (Zeff= Z-core electrons) |
| Shielding/Screening | When electrons are simultaneously attracted to the nucleus ad repelled by one another |
| Core elctrons | Electrons in the completed inner shells |
| Atomic radius | The distance between the nucleus of an atom and its valence shell\(increases down a group while it decreases across a period) |
| Metallic radius | Half the distance between the nuclei of two adjacent, identical metal atoms |
| Covalent radius | Half the distance between adjacent, identical nuclei that are connected by a chemical bond |
| Ionization Energy | The minimum energy required to remove an electron from an atom in the gas phase (Increases across a period while it decreases down a group) |
| Ion | Chemical species with a net charge that results from Ionization energies |
| Cation | Ion with a net positive charge |
| IE down a group | Decreases, The electron is further down away from the nucleus. Therefore, it is less tightly held to the nucleus and less energy is needed to ionize. |
| IE across a row | Increases, electron is more tightly held (more protons in the nucleus, and "n" is constant). Therefore, more energy is needed to ionize. |
| Electron Affinity | Energy released when an atom in the gas phase accepts an electron. It can be released and absorbed |
| The higher the electron affinity | The more energy is released |
| Electron Affinity down a group | Decreases, less energy released |
| Electron Affinity across a period | Increases, but increase is not smooth |
| Nonmetals | Atoms that have larger number of electrons in their valence shell and tend to form negative ions. (Poor conductors of heat and electricity, high electron affinity) |
| Metalloids | Have some metallic and nonmetallic properties, "borderline" elements |
| Nole Gases | Group 8A elements. High ionization energy and rarely enter into a chemical reaction |
| Monatomic Ions | Those consisting of a single atom that has either gained or lost one or more electrons |
| Isoelectronic | Species with the same electron configuration |
| Ionic radius | The radius of a cation or anion |
| Isoelectronic series | A series of two or more species that have identical electron configuration but different nuclear charges |
Created by:
cynthiaf1021
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