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BIO 377
med physi.
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Keeping blood in different chambers of the heart from mixing is a function of the | septum |
| when blood leaves the heart it first enters the | arteries |
| what are the components of the pulmonary circuit | ringht Vent. pulmonary arteries, pulmonary veins, pulmonary capilaries |
| blood supply to the heart comes from | coronary arteries |
| identify the structure that seperates the thoracic cavity from the abdominal cavity | diaphragm |
| what chamber has the thickest musculature | left ventricle |
| which of the following statements is true regarding the valves of the heart | the aortic valve is a semilunar valve, all four valves open and close passively in response to pressure gradients, the left AV valve is called the mitral, both the aortic valve is a semilunar valve and the left AV valve is also called the mitral |
| chordae tendinae are strands of CT extending from.....to..... | AV valves, papillary muscle |
| closure of the AV valve occurs when | pressue inside the ventricle is greater that the pressure inside the atrium |
| whereas the contractile activity of skeletal muscle is called...that of cardiac muscle is...because the contradition originates within the musculature itself | neurogenic: myogenic |
| what are the two major regions of the heart containing pacemaker cells | sinoarterial node and artioventricular node |
| which of the following will occur within the systemic capillary beds | both net flux of oxygen out of the capillaries and net flux of carbon dioxide into the capillaries |
| the...carries deoxygented blood to the lungs | pulmonary artery |
| the relative color(depth of redness) of blood is a direct indication of the amt of.... bound hemoglobin | oxygen |
| the term autorhythmicity refers to the hearts ability to | generate its own contractile cyle |
| what statement is true about intercalates discs? | conatin gap junctions, specialized regions of the conduction pathway of the heart responsible for the rapid conduction through these regions,and contain desmosomes |
| which of the following ion channels must open for a cardiac pacemaker cell to depolarize to threshold for an action potential | both funny channels and T-type calcium channels |
| ....is responsible for the repolarization of pacemakers | an increase in Pk |
| what causes the rapid depolarization phase of a contractile cell action potential | sodium movement into the cell |
| what is true of the plateua phase of a contractile cell action potential | the membrane potential remains the same as the peak of the action potential for about 200 milliseconds |
| what component of the ECG represents ventricular repolarization | T wave |
| if damage to the AV node slowed down conduction through this tissue what would be observed in the ECG? | a longer PR interval |
| In an ECG recording, the RR intreval is 0.5 seconds, what is the heart reate? | 120 bpm |
| in second degree heart block | not every arterial contraction is followed by a ventricular contraction |
| during isovolumetric ventricular relaxtion | av valve are closed, semilunar valves are closed, ventricular pressure is decreasing, |
| during ventricular ejection | both the semilunar valves are open and left ventricular pressure is greater than aortic pressure |
| what is true of the ventricular filling phase of the cardiac cycle | ventricular pressure is less than aortic pressure |
| which of the phases of the cardiac pump cycle are part of systole? | isovolumetric contraction and ventricular ejection |
| ejection of blood from the right ventricle will continue until | pressure in the pulmonary artery is greater than the pressure in the right ventricle |
| the increase in ventricular volume early in diastole reflects | the passive movement of blood through the atrium and into the ventricle |
| the end diastole volume minus the end systolic volume is the | stroke volume |
| what causes the sounds that one hears as the heart beat | the turbulence created as the valves close |
| the SA node in innervated by the | sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems |
| what decreases heartrate | parasympthetic nervous system activity |
| the binding of a catecholamine to a beta adrenergic receptor will | activate adenylate cyclase |
| what decreases stroke volume | decrease in central venous pressure |
| an artery is a blood vessel that | transports blood away from the body |
| explain the cardiac cycle in steps | P wave of ECG, vetricular pressure >arterial pressure, first heart sound, isovolumetric relaxation |
| what will increasse the force of contraction of the ventricles | increasing end diastolic volume |
| explains the structures involved in cardiac impulse conduction in the correct order | SA node, AV node, bundle of His, Purkinje fibers |
| what equation correctly relates flow, pressure, and resistance? | pressure= flow X resistance |
| the driving force for blood flow though the systemic circuit is | mean arterial pressure |
| the comparison to the systemic circuit, the pulmonary circuit | has lower resistance to blood flow |
| what equation is correct for cardiac output | cardiac output= stroke volume X heart rate |
| .... are the components of a blood vessels extracellular matrix that provides the tensile strength required to withstand pressure | collagen |
| the elastic nature of teh largest blood vessles (aorta) walls allows them to act as a.... maintaining the driving force for blood flow while the heart is relaxed during diastole | pressure reservoir |
| what tissue or substance near or in artery walls allows them to store energy that is later used to maintain continuous blood flow through the circulatory system | elastin |
| a person goes to the doctor and is told his blood pressure is 90/60 what is true? | systolic pressue =90 mm Hg, pulse pressue is 30 mmHg, mean arterial pressure is around 70-75 mm Hg, |
| blood pressure is usially measured in the...artey which is reflective of ... pressure | brachial: aortic |
| the contractile activity of smooth muscle cells within... is primarily involved in the control of organ blood flow and mean arterial pressure | arterioles |
| what cardiovascular change is most specific for increasing blood flow to a specific organ? | a decrease in resistance of arterioles providing blood to other organs |
| intrinsic contol of organ blood flow refers to the fact that | arterioles respond to local factors that regulate organ resistance |
| chemicals released by metabillically active cells will cause | relaxation of arteriolar smooth muscles to increase blood flow |
| a decreased in tissue oxygen is called | hypoxia |
| an inceease in blood flow to metabolically active tissue will increase | oxygen delievery |
| an increase in the contraction of... within the interstitial space surronding an arteiole would lead that vessel to constrict | oxygen |
| which of the follwoing substances is secreted by endothelial cells and causes vasodilation | nitric oxide |
| any change in the relative distirbution of cardiac output to an organ is typically due to changes in | resistance of that organs vascular bed |
| during exercise which of teh following tissues recieve less blood flow compared to resting condtions | GI tract |
| what blood vessel type has the greatest overall cross sectional area? | capillaries |
| which anatomical feature of capilaries favors the rapis exchange of molecules between blood and tissue | thin walls, small radius, larger overall number (total surface area), gaps between endothelial cells |
| what would cause relaxation of precapillary sphincters | carbon dioxide |
| glucose will move across continuous capillary walls by | diffusion |
| the portion of osmotic pressue excreted by... in the blood is known as oneotic pressure | proteins |
| given the act filtration of fluid out of the capillaries averages abotu 3 liters per day, how is blood volume maintained in light of this apparent fluid loss? | fluid is returned to the blood as lymphatic fluid by the lymphatic system |
| foreign materials are filtered out of the lymphatic fluid by... that are located within the lymph nodes | macrophages |
| what region of the cardiovascular system contains valves | heart and veins |
| veins function as...reservoirs due to their...compliance | volume: high |
| the high compliance of veins allows them to | accomidate large volumes of blood with little change in pressure |
| at rest the greatest proportions of blood volume is present within the | systemic veins |
| an increase in central venous pressure will cause | cardiac output to increase and stroke volume increase |
| an increase in the volume of blood ejected from the heart with no change in total peripheal resistance would | elevate mean arterial pressure |
| the ling term regulation of arterial blood pressure involves | the control of blood volume by the kdneys |
| baroreceptors respond to... which are altered by mean arterial pressure | the changes in stretch of the blood vessel wall |
| what happens in response to a decrease in the extent of stretch detected by a baroreceptor? | increased ventrilcular contractility, increased heart rate, increased peripheal resisatcne, and increased venomotor tone. Does not effect the urine flow |
| the reduction in organ blood flow that results from a decreas in mean arterial pressure would by exacerbated by the...that occurs as a consequence of the barorecetpor reflex | increased peripheal resistance |
| The hormone vasoperessin in the short term to ... and in the long term to... thereby increasing mena arterial pressure | vasoconstrict arteioles: decrease urine outflow |
| what describes rythmic changes in sympathetic and parasympathtic activity thsst affects heart rate coincident with respiration | respiratoy sinus arrhythemia |
| when we exercise there is a redistibution of cardiac output towards the...and away from the... | heart: kidneys |
| calculate the net filatration pressure capillary hydrostatic pressure= 30 mm Hg, interstital fluid hydrostatic pressure= 5 mm Hg, capillary oncotic pressure= 25mm hg, interstital fluid oncotic pressure=10 mm Hg | 10 mm Hg, favoring filtration |
| what causes edema | change in capillary wall |
| congestive heart failure on the left side of the heart results in | pulmonary edema |
| venous return is increased by | drinking fluids such as water |
| as part of the baroreceptor reflex response to hemorrhage, what will increase | heart rate |
| hypertension can be caused by | genetics, kidney disease, and hormone imbalance |
| a hematocrit is a measure of | the percentage of blood that is compised of RBC |
| what proteins are found in plasma | albumin, hormones, fibrinogen, globulins |
| the most abundant plasma protein is | albumin |
| A majority of the protein present is synthesized withing the | liver |
| plasma from which clotting factors has been removed is called | serum |
| what is true of erythrocytes | they lack nuclei, and mitchrondria, and contain large amts of hemoglobin, and transport oxygen and carbon dioxide. they don;tmigrate into infected regions of tissues |
| the Fe containign ring in hemoglobin is called...and it binds... | heme: oxygen |
| what enzyme catalyzes the conversion of caerbon dioxide and water to carbonic acid and where is the enzyme located | carbonic anhydrase: erthrocytes |
| carbonic acid dissocaiates to form...and... wihout the need of an enzyme | bicarbonate: hydrogen ions |
| erthyrocytes are synthesized in the...under the control of | bone marrow: erthropoietin |
| what hematopoietic growth factor controls RBC synthesis and what organ releases it? | erthropoietin: kidney |
| what triggers erthropoietin release? | decreased blood oxygen levels |
| pernicious anemia is associated with | insufficient vit. B12 |
| old RBC are removed from the blood by macrophages in what organ | spleen |
| during hemoglobin metabolism removal of teh Fe group results in a yellow pigmented substance called | bilirubin |
| Fe is transported in blood bound to | transferrin |
| what is teh most abundant type of blood cell | erythrocyte |
| which of the following leukocytes has cytoplasmic granules | neutropholes, basophils, eosinphils |
| which of the following leukocytes is best known as phagocytes | neutrophils |
| which tyoe of leukocyte defends against parasitic infections | eosinophils |
| what type of leukocyte secretes heparin | basophils |
| B cells and T cells fall under what category of leukocytes | lymphocytes |
| what type of leukocye differentiates into macrophages in the tissue | monocytes |
| what type of cell is the precurser for platelets | megakayyocytes |
| the stoppage of bleeding is called | hemostasis |
| the first step of hemostasis is | vascular spasm |
| platlets become sticky when exposed to | von willebrand factor and fibirin |
| what dissolves blood clots | plasmin |
| high doses of aspirin can stimulate clotting by inhibiting the synthesis of | prostacyclin |
| most coagulation factors are synthesized by what organ | liver |
| what are found in erythrocytes? | hemoglobin, spectrin, and carbonic anhydrase.. not mitochrondria |
| oder the molecules or cells starting with the synthesis of erythrocytes | erythropoietin, rericulocytes, billrubin,bile |
| leukocytes are different from erythrocytes in that they | are found in tissues other than blood, can migrate out of the blood stream, and contain nuclei |
| what leukocyte is most assoicated with cytokine production | monocytes |
| the leukocytes that participates in allergic reactions are | eosinophils |
| order the events for the formation of a blood clot | vasoconstriction, platlet adhesion, platelet aggregation, thrumbus formation |
| order the cells in the formation of platelets | hematopoietic stem cell, myeloid stem cell, megakaryocytes, platelets |
| an increase in the number of neutrophils in the blood may indicate | infection |
| a normal hematocrit is | 45 |
| if the carbon dioxide conc. of blood increases so will the | bicarbonate concentration |
| ....specifically describes the movement of air into and out of the lungs | pulmonary ventilaion |
| food is prevented from entering the respiratory tract by the...which is located in the... the entry to the larynx | epiglottis: glottis |
| the ridgity of the trachea is importantg becauses it prevents the trachjea from | colapssing during inspiration |
| ...cekks become more abundant deeper into the conductinf zone from bronchi to bronchioles | smooth mucles |
| the...which is most abundant in the trachea and bronchi becomes much less dense and eventually absent in the bronchioles | cartilage |
| the...function primarily as the region of the lungs where the majority of gas exchange occurs | alveolus |
| the...is a thin barrier (0.2picom) that allows for the fficient exchange of gases between the lungs and the blood | respiratory membrane |
| what are the muscles involved in bretahing | internal intercoastal muscle, external intercoastal muscle, diaphragm, abdominal muscl |
| the...is bound by the interior surface of the chest wall and the exterior surface of teh lung | interplueral space |
| dome shaped muscle seperates the thoracic and abdominal cavitites and plays an important role in breathing | diaphragm |
| when air is no lonmger moving through the respiratory tract and the airway is open to the environment the pressure wihtin the lung is equal to | atomespheric pressure |
| the difference between...pressure and..pressure drives air into and out of the lungs | atomespheric: intra alveolar |
| when intra alveolar pressures exceeds atomeshpheric pressure | air moves out of the lung |
| which pressure varies rhythmeically with respiration | intrapleural pressure and intra-alveolar pressure |
| the difference between intrapleyural and intraalveolar pressure is | transpulmonary pressure |
| a measure of the distending force across the lungs is the | transpulmonary pressure |
| equilibration of pressure between the intrapleral space and the alveoli will lea to | a pneumonothorax (lung will collapse) |
| the volume of air when lungs are at rest (in between breaths) is | functional residual capacity |
| as the lungs expand intra alveolar pressure... and air moves...teh lungs | decrease: into |
| the increased number of gas molecules that have moved into the lung during inspiration results from a | decrease in intra-alveolar pressure |
| that contraction of the diaphragm results in | increase in the volume of the thoracic cavity and therefore a decrease in intra alveolar pressure |
| the primary inspitatory muscles are the | diaphragm and external intercostal |
| as the diameter of the chest wall increses the concomitant expansion of the lungs is due to a | increase in transpulmonary pressure |
| at rest expiration is a...process that involves... | passive: relaxation of the diaphragm and external intercostals |
| which of the following pressures is lower during inspiration than during expiration | intra-alveolar pressure and intrapleural pressure |
| as the resistance of the airway increases...would be required to move the same volume of air into the lungs | a greater transpulmonary pressure |
| which of the following chemicals will not results in a decrease in airway resistance | histamine |
| what benefit are corticosteriods in the treatment of asthma | they reduce inflammation of the airways |
| an....is used clinically to measure lung volume and rates of air flow | spirometer |
| ...refers to the volume of air moved into and out of the lungs in a single breath during unforced breathing | tidal volume |
| the presense of a negative intrapleral pressure at maximum expiration is responsible for | residual volume |
| ...is the sum of tidal volume and inspiratory reserve volume | inspiratory capacity |
| functional residual capacity is comprised of | residual volume and expiration reserve volume |
| what measurments cannot be determined by a spirometer | residual volume, what can be measured is vital capacity tidal volume inspiratory capacity and inspiratory reserve volume |
| a decrease in...is indicative of an obstructive pulmonary disease | forced expiratory volume |
| the volume of airmoved into the lungs every min. is refered to as | minute ventilation |
| fix me sequence of changes in alveolar pressure starting with inspration | Palv<Patm, Palv=Patm, Palv>Patm |
| inspiration order | diaphragm and intercostals contract , Pip decreases, transpulmonary pressure increase, Pah increases to less than p atm. |
| vital capicity equation | VC=Vt+IRV+ERV |
| functional residual capacity and total lung capacity increases in | emphysema |
| the lowestc PO2 and the highest PCO2 can be found in the | cells |
| at high altitudes what happens? | hypoxia |
| the respiratory quient is calculates by the | ratio of volume of carbon dioxide produced per volume of oxygen consumed |
| movement of oxygen and carbon dioxide between alveoli and blood occurs by | simple diffusion |
| in a mixture of gases the driving force for the movement of an individual gas within the mixture is ultimatley the | partial pressure of gas |
| the most abundant gas in the air that we breath is | nitrogen |
| what is the oxygen composition of air | 21% |
| what is the carbon dioxide composition of air? | <1% |
| as the air is saturated with water vpor humdified upon entry into the conductiong pathway there will be | a decrease in the partal pressure of the remaining gases |
| at equilibrium the gas molecules dissolve in solution and those that remain in the gaseous phase as | at the same partial pressure |
| what increases the conc. of a particular gas in a solution | increase the partial pressure of that gas exposed to the soltion |
| the continuous exchange of gases between the blood and alveolar air in the lungs results in a partial pressure of | oxygen in the alveoli that is lower than in atomespheric air |
| pulmonary edemea described a condition where the uptake of oxygen and unloading of carbon dioxide is reduced as a consequence of a | thickening of the diffusion barrier |
| during intense exercise the metabolic activity of muscle...the partial pressure of oxygen in the tissue, ...its movement into the tissue | increase: facilitating |
| a typical value for PO2 blood in the pulmonary vein is...wheras PCO2 is... | 100 mm Hg: 40 mm Hg |
| an increase in alveolar ventilation to match the dmands of increased metabolic activity in the cells is called | hyperpnea |
| hyperventillation would lead to a...within the systemic arteries | increase in P02 decrease in Pco2 |
| what terms refers to a decrease in cabon dioxide within the blood | hypocapnia |
| the majoriy of oxygen present within the blood is | bound to hemoglobin in RBC |
| each...on the hemoglobin subunit is capable of binding an oxygen molecule, thereby allowing...oxygen to bind with one hemoglobin molecule | heme: 4 |
| the primary drving force for the binding of oxygen to hemoglobin is | PO2 |
| based on the law of mass action an increase in blood PO2 will...bound to hemoglobin | increase the amount of oxygen |
| anemia is defined by | a decrease in the oxygen carrying apacity of the blood |
| labored or difficult breathing is called | dyspnea |
| a deffiency of oxygen in the tissue is called | hypoxia |
| rapid shallow breathing is clled | tachypnea |
| a decrease in oxygen in the blood is called | hypoxemia |
| what will cause a shift in the hemoglobin oxygen dissociation to the right | increase in temp. and increase in 2,3-PPG |
| as it leaves the lung the pulmonary vein blood is...saturated with oxygen | 98%` |
| what will increase the loading of oxygen onto the hemoglobin molecule within the lung | decreased hydrogen ion conc. |
| a majority of the Co2 tha is transported in the blood is present.../ | as bicarbonate (Hco3-) in plasma |
| the conversion of CO2 to bicarbonate in the blood occurs primarily within the | erythrocytes |
| the conversion of CO2 to carbonic acid is a reaction which allows that reaction to occur both within the lungs and active tissue | reversible |
| the presence of bicarbonate ions in the blood has an important direct effect aside from the transport of CO2 that involves | maintaining acid base balance |
| in order to transport bicarboate out of the erythrocyte while maintaining electroneutrality a ...molecule is transported into the erythrocyte at the same time bicarbonate moves out | chloride |
| the Haldane effect describes the increase in the affinity of hemoglabin for CO2 in the prsense of a lowerd | po2 |
| hyperventilattion will cause changes in PCO2 taht are detected by the chemorecepors wshich cause | decrease in breathing rate and depth of breathing |
| where are the peripheal chemoreceptors in humans | aortic bodies and carotid bodies |
| respiratory acidosis will result from | increase in blood CO2 conc. |
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