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Animals
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Are animals a monophyletic group? | Yes, they are all the descendants of a common ancestor |
| What makes an animal an animal? | Eukaryotes, multicellular, heterotrophic, mobile during some/all of life, lack cell walls, have tissue, most reproduce sexually, most have larvae |
| What are animal cells held together by in the absence of cell walls? | Structural Proteins |
| What is tissue? | integrated groups of cells with a common structure and function. e.g. nervous tissue or muscle tissue |
| What stage dominates the life cycle? | Diploid Stage. |
| Larvae | a sexually immature form, distinct from adult |
| Major animal groups are defined by the embryonic construction of their basic body plan, which differs in what four ways? | the number of tissue layers observed in embryos, body symmetry and degree of cephalization, the presence or absence of a body cavity, and the way in which early events in embryonic development proceed |
| What special tissue do sponges have? | Epithelium: Tissue consisting of layers of cells that line a surface of the body. |
| What phylum do sponges belong to? | Proifera |
| Diploblasts | two tissue germ layers in embryo |
| What are the two germ layers in the embryo of diploblasts? | endoderm "inner skin" ectoderm "outer skin" |
| What does the endoderm give rise to? | the gut lining/digestive tract and associated organs |
| What does the ectoderm give rise to? | skin and nerve tissue |
| Triploblasts | three tissue germ layers in embryo |
| What are the three germ layers in the embryo of triploblasts? | endoderm "inner skin" mesoderm "middle skin" ectoderm "outer skin" |
| What does the mesoderm give rise to? | muscles, organs and bones |
| All animals other than these three phylum are triploblasts | Porifera, Cnidaria and Ctenophera |
| Asymmetry | no plane of symmetry |
| Radial Symmetry | Multiple planes of symmetry |
| Bilateral Symmetry | Single plane of symmetry |
| Cephalization | formation of a distinct anterior region (the head) |
| What do you find in the head? | feeding structures, sense organs, structures for processing information |
| Coelom | enclosed, fluid-filled cavity lined with mesoderm |
| Do diploblasts have a coelom? | No, they have a central canal that functions in digestion and circulation but they do not have a coelom. |
| Do triploblasts have a coelom? | They may or may not have a coelom |
| What is the function of a coelom? | Protects internal organs and acts as a hydrostatic skeleton. |
| Hydrostatic Skeleton | system of body support involving fluid-filled compartments that can change shape but cannot easily be compressed. Can aid in movement |
| Acoelomates | have no body cavity |
| Psuedocoelomates | have a body cavity partially lined with mesoderm |
| Coelomates | have a body cavity completely lined with mesoderm |
| cleavage | zygote undergoes rapid divisions, eventually forming a mass of cells (no overall growth occurs during cell cleavage) |
| Indeterminate cleavage | (deuterostomes [chordata and echinodermata]) resulting cells each still have ability to develop into entire organism (identical twins) = radial cleavage |
| Determinate Cleavage | (protostomes [most bilateria species]) resulting cells can only develop into specific tissues, not whole organism. - spiral cleavage |
| Gastrulation | ball of cells formed by cleavage invaginates to form gut and embryonic tissue layers. |
| What type of gastrulation do protostomes have? | "first mouth" - the pore becomes the mouth |
| What type of gastrulation do deuterostomes have? | "second mouth" - the pore becomes the anus |
| How does the coelom form in protostomes? | start with two areas of mesoderm. Coelom forms when these open up and have cavities within both |
| How does the coelom form in deuterostomes? | mesoderm is attached to the gut (endoderm). Coelom formation happens when these bulge out and pinch off to form the gut. |
| Lophotrochozoa | Protostomes who have a ciliated mouth structure called a lophopore, and free-living larval forms known as trochophores (most but not all members of the group. |
| Ecdysozoa | grow by shedding their external skeletons and expanding their bodies (molt) |
| The three primary functions of movement in adult animals | 1. FInding Food 2. Escaping Predators 3. Finding Mates |
| Three types of feeding in animals | 1. Suspension/Filter Feeders 2. Deposit Feeders 3. Fluid Feeders 4. Mass Feeders |
| Suspension/Filter Feeders | Food obtained from filtering it from the medium it is suspended in. Great variation in structures to trap suspended particles. |
| Deposit Feeders | An animal that eats its way through a food-containing substrate. |
| Fluid Feeders | Suck or mop up food in liquid form. (nectar, plant sap, blood) Mouthparts vary depending on source of fluid ingested as food |
| Mass Feeders | Eat by taking chunks of food source into mouth. Mouthpart structure correlated to type of food chunks eaten. |
| What do herbivores eat? | Plants or algae |
| What do carnivores eat? | animals |
| What do detritivores eat? | dead organic matter |
| What do omnivores eat? | plants and animals |
| Carnivores: Predators | Kill other organisms for food. They have varied mouthparts and hunting strategies: sit and wait, chase, stalk |
| Carnivores: Parasites | often harvest nutrients without killing host. |
| Endoparasite | live inside host. Body usually simple/worm-like structure |
| Ectoparasite | live on outside of host. Have limbs and piercing mouthparts |
| Internal Fertilization | males deliver sperm packets to females - multiple ways this is done |
| External Fertilization | especially common in aqueous environments. Females deposit eggs on a surface and males nearby release sperm nearby |
| Three forms of egg retention | Viviparous, Oviparous, Ovoviviparous |
| Viviparous | embryos nourished inside mother and live birth results |
| Oviarous | Females deposit fertilized eggs |
| Ovoviviparous | Females retain egg inside body and embryo is nourished by yolk in egg. Live birth takes place. |
| Metamorphosis | "change form" change in morphology between a juvenile morphology and an adult morphology. Distinction between sexually immature and sexually mature individuals. |
Created by:
lewisk20