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PSYC 111
Chapter 8 Cognitive Processes & Chapter 9 Intelligence & Intelligence Assessment
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is all forms of knowing? | cognition |
| What kind of cognition is what you know (facts, rules, concepts)? | cognitive contents |
| What kind of cognition is how you manipulate contents (judgment, reasoning)? | cognitive processes |
| What is one of the higher mental processes, such as perception, memory, language, problem solving, and abstract thinking? | cognitive process |
| What is processes of knowing, including attending, remembering, and reasoning; also the content of the processes, such as concepts and memories? | cognition |
| What is the study of higher mental processes such as attention, language use, memory, perception, problem solving, and thinking? | cognitive psychology |
| What is the interdisciplinary field of study of systems and processes that manipulate information? | cognitive science |
| What are 2 or more mental processes that are carried out in order, one after the other? | serial processes |
| What are 2 or more mental processes that are carried out simultaneously? | parallel processes |
| What is measuring how long it takes individuals to perform a task and can help identify how many cognitive processes are being performed? | reaction time |
| What is controlled tasks that require selected attention and must be performed one after another? | serial processing |
| What are automatic tasks that used divided attention and can be performed together? | parallel processing |
| Typically, novel tasks (things you don't practice) require what processing? | serial processing |
| Typically, well-learned tasks (things you practice all of the time) require what processing? | parallel processing |
| Unfortunately, due to ____ it is very difficult to stop yourself from performing well-learned skills. | automaticity |
| What are processes that require attention; it is often more difficult to cary out more than one of these processes at a time? | controlled processes |
| What is a process that does not require attention; it can often be performed along with other tasks without interference? | automatic process |
| What consist of symbols that convey meaning, and a system of rules for combining those symbols? | language |
| What are 3 properties of languages? | all true languages are symbolic, generative, grammatical |
| What property of language is where they use words or signs to repeat ideas and things? | symbolic |
| What property of language is where they use a limited amount of symbols to produce an infinite number of messages? | generative |
| What property of language is where they have regulations that govern the composition of words and phrases? | grammatical |
| What are 3 grammatical rules of language? | phonemes, morphemes, and syntactical rules |
| What grammatical rule of language has basic sounds with no meaning? | phonemes |
| What grammatical rule of language has sounds that have meaning? | morphemes |
| What grammatical rule of language has rules as to how to combine words? | syntactical rules |
| What is what people say, sign, and write, as well as the processes they go through to produce these meanings? | language production |
| What is the process of shaping a message depending on the audience for which it is intended? | audience design |
| What is missing information filled in on the basis of a sample of evidence or on the basis of prior beliefs and theories? | inference |
| What is the hypothesis that the structure of the language an individual speaks has an impact on the way in which that individual thinks about the world? | linguistic relativity |
| What is thinking that is directed toward solving specific conundrums; it involves combining current information with information stored in long-term memory? | problem solving |
| What is where solutions are found by exploring the "problem space"? | Information-Processing Approach |
| What are 3 things that space consists of? | initial state, goal state, and operations |
| What are the starting conditions of space? | initial state |
| What are the aimed for conditions of space? | goal state |
| What are the steps you can take conditions of space? | operations |
| What are 2 exploration methods for the problem space? | algorithms and heuristics |
| What are exploration methods for small spaces? | algorithms |
| What are exploration methods for large spaces? | heuristics |
| Algorithms are ___ to find a solution. | certain |
| Heuristics are ___ to find a solution. | likely |
| What are 3 things that can influence problem solving? | representation, functional fixedness, and problem-solving set |
| What is changing the way you visualize a problem to make it easier? | representation |
| What is the inability to perceive a new use for an object previously associated with some other purpose? | functional fixedness |
| What is becoming fixated on previously learned ways of solving problems and, so failing to see new and better ways? | problem-solving set |
| What is the act of using mental powers to derive a conclusion from given information? | reasoning |
| What 2 things does reasoning involve? | content and process |
| What tells us if the process is correct for reasoning? | logic |
| What are 2 kinds of reasoning? | inductive and deductive |
| What is using specific examples to draw general conclusions? | inductive reasoning |
| What are advantages of inductive reasoning? | easy to perform, produces conclusions that are quite likely |
| What are disadvantages of inductive reasoning? | cannot prove anything |
| What is reasoning up or generalizing? | inductive reasoning |
| What is using general statements to draw specific conclusions? | deductive reasoning |
| What is reasoning down or concluding? | deductive reasoning |
| What is an advantage of deductive reasoning? | produces conclusions that are certain |
| What is a disadvantage of deductive reasoning? | hard to perform (requires the use of logic) |
| What are 3 reasoning biases? | confirmation bias, belief bias, difficulty with abstract tasks |
| What is the tendency to search for evidence that confirms one's preconceptions? | confirmation bias |
| What is the tendency to assume that an argument is logical if the conclusion is factually true? | belief bias |
| Reasoning with abstract material is much harder than what? | reasoning with real-world material |
| Why is reasoning with abstract material much harder than reasoning with real-world material? | practice makes perfect and we have evolved to be good at spotting "real-world" cheaters |
| What is thinking that is directed toward solving specific problems and that moves from an initial state to a goal state by means of a set of mental operations? | problem solving |
| What is the process of thinking in which conclusions are drawn from a set of facts; thinking directed toward a given goal or objective? | reasoning |
| What are the elements that make up a problem? | problem space |
| What are the 3 elements of a problem space? | initial state, goal state and set of operations |
| What is the incomplete information or unsatisfactory conditions that the person starts with? | initial state |
| What is the set of information or state the person wishes to achieve? | goal state |
| What is the steps the person takes to move from the initial state to the goal state? | set of operations |
| What is a step-by-step procedure that always provides the right answer for a particular type of problem? | algorithm |
| What are cognitive strategies, or "rules of thumb" often used as shortcuts in solving a complex inferential task? | heuristic |
| What is a report made by an experimental participant of the mental processes and strategies he or she uses while working on a task? | think-aloud protocol |
| What is an inability to perceive a new use for an object previously associated with some other purpose; adversely affects problem solving and creativity? | functional fixedness |
| What is the ability to generate ideas or products that are both novel and appropriate to the circumstances? | creativity |
| What is an aspect of creativity characterized by an ability to produce unusual but appropriate responses to problems? | divergent thinking |
| What is an aspect of creativity characterized by the ability to gather together different sources of information to solve a problem? | convergent thinking |
| What are circumstances of problem solving in which solutions suddenly come to mind? | insight |
| What is a form of thinking in which one draws a conclusion that is intended to follow logically from two or more statements or premises? | deductive reasoning |
| What is a situation that occurs when a person's prior knowledge, attitudes, or values distort the reasoning process by influencing the person to accept invalid arguments? | belief-bias effect |
| What is a form of reasoning in which a conclusion is made about the probability of some state of affairs, based on the available evidence and past experience? | inductive reasoning |
| What is the tendency to respond to a new problem in the manner used to respond to a previous problem? | mental set |
| What is forming opinions, reaching conclusions, and making critical evaluations? | judgment |
| What is choosing between alternatives? | decision making |
| What are 2 types of decision making influences? | bounded rationality and heuristics |
| What is when people have to make quick decisions, in real-world situations, so we "satisfice" instead of optimizing? | bounded rationality |
| What is when we satisfice by using "rules of thumb", which are generally reliable, but are subject to systematic biases? | heuristics |
| What are judgements based on how easily information can be brought to mind? | availability heuristic |
| Availability heuristics are ___ useful. | generally |
| When do availability heuristics fail? | when imagination/memory doesn't reflect reality |
| What are 2 types of heuristics? | availability and representativeness heuristics |
| What are judgements based on how similar something is to a prototype? | representativeness heuristic |
| Representative heuristics are ___ useful. | generally |
| When do representative heuristics fail? | when people ignore basic probability |
| What are basing judgments on adjustments from an original starting point? | anchoring and adjustment |
| Anchoring and adjustment is ___ useful. | generally |
| When does anchoring and adjustment fail? | when people use irrelevant anchors (starting points) |
| What is the process by which people form opinions, reach conclusions, and make critical evaluations of events and people based on available material; also, the product of the mental activity? | judgment |
| What is the process of choosing between alternatives; selecting or rejecting available options? | decision making |
| What is a judgment based on the information readily available in memory? | availability heuristic |
| What is a cognitive strategy that assigns an object to a category on the basis of a few characteristics regarding as representative of that category? | representativeness heuristic |
| An insufficient adjustment up or down from an original starting value when judging the probable value of some event or outcome? | anchoring heuristic |
| What is a particular description of a choice; the perspective form which a choice is described or framed affects how a decision is made and which option is ultimately exercised? | frame |
| What is the field of psychology that specializes in the formal assessment of mental facets? | psychometrics |
| What are 3 examples of psychometrics? | intelligence, attitudes or personality |
| What are 4 formal assessment procedures of psychometrics? | standardized, normalized, reliable, valid |
| What formal assessment procedures that are the same for everyone? | standardized |
| What formal assessment procedures are scored relative to the general population? | normalized |
| What formal assessment procedures provide consistent results? | reliable |
| What formal assessment procedures measure what they are intended to measure? | valid |
| What is the use of specified procedures to evaluate the abilities, behaviors, and personal qualities of people? | psychological assessment |
| What is the systematic procedures and measurement instruments used by trained professionals to assess an individual's functioning, aptitudes, abilities, or mental states? | formal assessment |
| What is a measure of the correlation between the scores of the same people on the same test given on 2 different occasions? | test-retest reliability |
| What is a measure of reliability; the degree to which a test yields similar scores across its different parts, such as odd versus even terms? | internal consistency |
| What is the extent to which a test adequately measures the full range of the domain of interest? | content validity |
| What was the first kind of assessment done? | "occupational Suitability" |
| What were Occupational Suitability tests? | Civil Service Exams |
| When were civil service exams done in Imperial China? | 605-1905 |
| When were civil service exams done in the United Kingdom? | 1854-Present |
| When were civil service exams done in the United States? | 1871-Present |
| What was the second kind of assessment done? | Breeding Quality |
| Who assessed Breeding Quality? | Sir Francis Galton |
| Who was called a Hereditary Genius? | Sir Francis Galton |
| What did Sir Francis Galton do? | gathered evidence using historiometry (eminence in family trees), declares that ability is largely inherited |
| What did Sir Francis Galton write? | Enquires into Human Faculty and its Development |
| What did Sir Francis Galton advocate and why? | eugenics (improving the "quality" of future generations by selective breeding) because he believes that ability is largely inherited |
| Breeding quality assessed using what? | anthropometry (he used the tests and went around the country, people paid him to be tested) |
| What was the third thing that was assessed? | intelligence |
| Who developed the first test of child intellectual ability? | Alfred Binet |
| What consisted of 30 questions that ranged in difficulty from super easy to very difficult? | The Binet-Simon Scale |
| The Binet-Simon Scale had 30 test items to measure what? | mental age |
| What is the chronological age typically of a given level of performance? | Mental age |
| What were the 3 classifications of the Binet-Simon Scale? | advanced, normal, retarded |
| Who transformed the Binet-Simon scale into the Standford-Binet Intelligence Scale? | Lewis Terman |
| The Binet-Simon scale originated from what country? | France |
| The Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale originated from what country? | America |
| What is the formula for the Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale? | Ratio IQ = mental age/chronological x 100 |
| Who used adaptations of the Stanford Binet on Ellis Island to selectively exclude the "mentally defective"? | Henry Goddard |
| Who worked at the Bellevue hospital and devised a test of adult intelligence for clinical use? | Wechsler |
| What intelligence scale did David Wechsler develop? | The Wechsler Bellevue Intelligence Scale |
| Used when calculating IQ, what is a person's chronological age? | their actual age (the number of years since birth) |
| If you were to take one of these many intelligence tests developed by David Wechsler, you would be given you overall result in the form of a normalized IQ score. What is the average normalized IQ score for people taking such tests? | 100 |
| Developed in France and published in 1905, what is credited as being the first workable intelligence test? | The Binet-Simon Scale |
| Which of the following individuals developed the Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale (1916)? | Lewis Terman |
| What is the correct way to calculate a person's intelligence Quotient (Ratio IQ)? | Mental age / Chronological Age x 100 |
| What person invented the Intelligence Quotient or IQ? ( An index of performance used on many intelligence tests)? | William Stern |
| According to Alfred Binet, what is "mental age"? | The chronological age that most typically corresponds to a given level of performance. |
| Developed by David Wechsler, what is a commonly used abbreviation for an intelligence test designed for children aged 6-16 years? | The "W.I.S.C" |
| What is the degree to which test scores indicate a result on a specific measure that is consistent with some other criterion of the characteristic being assessed? | criterion-related validity |
| What is the degree to which a test adequately measures an underlying construct? | construct validity |
| What is the standard based on measurement of a large group of people; used for comparing the scores of an individual with those of others within a well-defined group? | norm |
| What is a set of uniform procedures for treating each participant in a test, interview, or experiment, or for recording data? | standardization |
| What is the global capacity to profit from experience and to go beyond given information about the environment? | intelligence |
| What is in Binet's measure of intelligence, the age at which a child is performing intellectually, expressed in terms of the average age at which normal children achieve a particular score? | mental age |
| What is the number of months or years since an individual's birth? | chronological age |
| What is an index derived from standardized tests of intelligence; originally obtained by dividing an individual's mental age by chronological age and then multiplying by 100; now directly computed as an IQ test score? | intelligence quotient (IQ) |
| What is a condition in which individuals have IQ scores of 70-75 or below and also demonstrate limitations in the ability to bring adaptive skills to bear on life tasks? | intellectual disability |
| What is a disorder defined by a large discrepancy between individuals' measured IQ and their actual performance? | learning disorder |
| What is the field of study that specializes in mental testing? | psychometrics |
| What is according to Spearman, the factor of general intelligence underlying all intelligent performance? | g |
| What is the facet of intelligence involving the knowledge a person has already acquired and the ability to access that knowledge; measured by vocabulary, arithmetic, and general information tests? | crystalized intelligence |
| What is the aspect of intelligence that involves the ability to see complex relationships and solve problems? | fluid intelligence |
| What is an "umbrella" concept covering a broad range of cognitive processes? | intelligence |
| What underpins all higher-order thinking and decision-making? | intelligence |
| What are 5 models of "analytic" intelligence? | General Ability, Fluid and Crystalized General Ability, Primary Mental Abilities, Structure of Intellect, and Three-Stratum Model |
| Who created the Model of General Ability? | Charles Spearman |
| What did Charles Spearman find in general ability? | ability across a variety of tasks is positively correlated (if your good at one thing, your good at all things) |
| What did Charles Spearman conclude with general ability? | every task requires general ability or "g" |
| Who created Fluid and Crystallized General Ability? | Raymond Cattell |
| What did Raymond Cattell find in Fluid and Crystallized General Ability? | general ability can be broken down into two components |
| What did Raymond Cattell conclude in Fluid and Crystallized General Ability? | there is crystallized, general intelligence (acquired knowledge) and fluid, general intelligence (ability to solve problems) |
| Who created Primary Mental abilities? | Louis Thurstone |
| What did Louis Thurstone find in Primary Mental Abilities? | some clusters of correlations are stronger than others |
| What did Louis Thurstone conclude in Primary Mental Abilities? | perfromance relies on seven factors or "primary mental abilities" |
| Who created Structure of Intellect? | Joy Paul Guillford |
| What did Joy Paul Guilford find in Structure of Intellect? | performance on a task depends on the underlying structure of that task |
| What did Joy Paul Guilford conclude in Structure of Intellect? | performance relies on 150 intellectual factors |
| Who created the Three-Stratum Model? | John Bissell Carroll |
| What did John Bissell Carroll find in the Three-Stratum Model? | performance on a task depends on a hierarch of cognitive abilities |
| What did John Bissell Carroll conclude in the Three-Stratum Model? | intelligence requires Stratum 1: Specific Skills, Stratum 2: Group factors, Stratum 3: General ability |
| What did Charles Spearman develop? | General Ability |
| What did Raymond Cattell develop? | Fluid and Crystallized General Ability |
| What did Louis Thurstone develop? | Primary Mental Abilities |
| What did Joy Paul Guilford develop? | Structure of Intellect |
| What did John Bissell Carroll develop? | Three-Stratum Model |
| What are the 2 models of intelligence? | models of "Analytic" Intelligence and models of "Multiple" intelligence |
| What are 2 types of Models of "multiple" intelligence? | Triarchic Theory and Multiple Intelligences |
| Who developed the Triarchic Theory? | Robert Sternberg |
| What did Robert Sternberg develop? | the Triarchic Theory |
| What did Robert Sternberg find with the Triarchic Theory? | there are 3 types of intelligence that work together |
| What did Robert Sternberg conclude with the Triarchic Theory? | There is analytical, creative and practical intelligence |
| What is the ability to generate novel and appropriate responses? | divergent thinking |
| What is the ability to gather together different sources of information to solve problems? | convergent thinking |
| Who developed Multiple Intelligences? | Howard Gardner |
| What did Howard Gardner develop? | Multiple Intelligences |
| What did Howard Gardner find with Multiple Intelligences? | there are multiple types of intelligence that work separately |
| What did Howard Gardner conclude with Multiple Intelligences? | there in linguistic, logical-mathematical, spatial, musical, body-kinesthetic, interpersonal, intrapersonal, and other types of intelligence |
| What is a type of intelligence defined as the abilities to perceive, appraise, and express emotions accurately and appropriately? | emotional intelligence |
| What is a statistical estimate of the degree of inheritance of a given trait or behavior; assessed by the degree of similarity between individuals who vary in their extent of genetic similarity? | heritability estimate |
| What is a threat associated with being at risk for conforming a negative stereotype of one's group? | stereotype threat |
| What are 2 determinants of intelligence? | Neurological Basis and Influences of Nature and Nurture |
| Differences of neurological basis ability appear to be linked to what 4 factors? | brain size, neural density (connectivity), brain anatomy (frontal and parietal lobes), and brain efficiency (amount of energy used) |
| It is estimated that, on average, ____% of the differences between individual's test scores are due to genetics. | 50% |
| What are 3 environmental factors that are determinants of intelligence? what are all 3 factors associated with? | nutrition, enrichment, and motivation (all 3 factors are associated with socio-economic status) |
Created by:
kristen465