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PSYC 111
Chapter 7 Memory
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is the capacity to encode, store, and retrieve information? | memory |
| What is conscious effort to encode or recover information through memory processes? | explicit use of memory |
| What is the availability of information through memory processes without conscious effort to encode or recover information? | implicit uses of memory |
| One way to classify long-term memory is to make a distinction between declarative and non-declarative memory. One form of declarative memory is memory for life events (personal experiences). Another word for memory of life events is ___ memory. | episodic |
| One type of long-term memory occurs by organizing information into structured hierarchies of categories and sub-categories. The mental representations that we have of these categories (that is, our mental groupings of similar items or ideas) are called: | concepts |
| One type of long-term memory is achieved by organizing information into structured hierarchies of categories (mental groupings of similar items and ideas) and sub-categories. The typical (or most average) member of a particular category is called a(n): | prototype |
| One way to classify long-term memory is to make a distinction between declarative and non-declarative memory. ONe form of declarative memory is memory for general knowledge (facts). Another word for memory of general knowledge is _____ memory. | semantic |
| Non-declarative memory does not require conscious effort to encode and retrieve. Another word for memory that does not require conscious effort is ___ memory. | implicit |
| What structure of the brain is involved in the encoding of declarative memory? | hippocampus |
| Declarative memory requires conscious effort to encode and retrieve. Another word for memory that requires conscious effort is ___ memory. | explicit |
| What is memory for information such as facts and events? | declarative memory |
| What is memory for how things get done; the way perceptual, cognitive, and motor skills are acquired, retained, and used? | procedural memory |
| What is the process by which a mental representation is formed in memory? | encoding |
| What is the retention of encoded material over time? | storage |
| What is the recovery of stored information from memory? | retrieval |
| What is the memory system in the visual domain that allows large amounts of information to be stored for very brief durations? | iconic |
| What is a model consisting of 3 stores which describes the transfer of information between these stores? | Modal Model |
| What are fleeting representation of sensory information (have access to lots of information, but briefly, then it disappears)? | sensory memory |
| What is the capacity of sensory memory? | very large |
| What duration of Sensory memory lasts 0.5 seconds? | iconic |
| What duration of sensory memory lasts 1 second? | haptic |
| What duration of sensory memory lasts 4 seconds? | echoic |
| What is brief preservation (awareness) of recent experience? | short-term memory |
| What is the capacity of short-term memory? | 7 (+-2) items |
| What is caused by overloading your short term memory? | displacement |
| How is the capacity of short-term memory improved? | chunking |
| What is the duration of short-term memory? | about 30 seconds |
| How is the duration of short-term memory improved? | maintenance rehearsal |
| What is memory processes associated with preservation of recent experiences and with retrieval of information from long-term memory; short-term memory is of limited capacity and stores information for only a short length of time without rehearsal? | short-term memory |
| Who suggested that 7 (+-2) was the magic number that characterized people's memory performance on random lists of letters, words, numbers, or almost any kind of meaningful, familiar item? | George Miller |
| What is the controlled use of information in short-term memory? | working memory |
| What processes verbal information (auditory STM)? | the phonological loop |
| What manages the interactions between working memory and long term memory? | the episodic buffer |
| What processes visual information (visual STM)? | The Visuospatial Sketchpad |
| What controls attention? | The Central Executive |
| What is the process of taking single items of information and recoding them on the basis of similarity or some other organizing principle? | chunking |
| What is a memory resource that is used to accomplish tasks such as reasoning and language comprehension; consists of the phonological loop, visuospatial sketchpad, and central executive? | working memory |
| Who provided evidence for the four components of working memory? | Alan Baddeley |
| What are the 4 components of working memory? | a phonological loop, visuospatial sketchpad, central executive, and episodic buffer |
| What is the retention of information over an extended period of time? | Long-Term Memory |
| What is the capacity of long-term memory? | unlimited |
| How is long-term memory achieved? | structuring |
| What is categorizing the information in long-term memory? | structuring |
| What are 3 ways to structure long-term memory? | concepts, schema, hierarchies |
| What is making mental groupings of similar things? | concepts |
| What is general knowledge about concepts? | schema |
| What are structural organizations of concepts? | hierarchies |
| What is the duration of long-term memory? | potential life long, but subject to some "decay" |
| What is conscious and expressed long-term memory? | declarative |
| What is unconscious and performed long-term memory? | non-declarative |
| What kind of declarative long-term memory is facts? | semantic |
| What kind of declarative long-term memory is life events? | episodic |
| What kind of non-declarative long-term memory is skills? | procedural |
| What kind of non-declarative long-term memory is associations? | conditioning |
| What part of the brain controls declarative long-term memory? | hippocampus |
| What part of the brain controls non-declarative long-term memory? | cerebellum |
| What influences encoding? | rehearsal (maintenance and elaborative) |
| What is repeating information over and over again? | maintenance rehearsal |
| What is trying to memorize information via repeated exposure? | rote learning |
| Is rote learning effective? | no - it doesn't work |
| What is rehearsing to-be-remembered data by building on the information provided? | elaborative rehearsal |
| Is elaborative rehearsal effective? | yes |
| What are influences on retrieval? | cues, interference, reconstruction |
| What are stimuli that help us to find specific memories? | cues |
| What is the Encoding Specificity Principle? | Remembering is better if cues present at encoding are also present at retrieval |
| What are 3 cues? | Features (starts with letter B), External Context (learn something in this room, more likely to remember in this room), and Internal Context (learn something while in a good mood, more likely to remember when in a good mood) |
| What is the inability to remember information due to other competing items of information? | interference |
| What are the 3 types of interference? | proactive, retroactive, and associative |
| What is when a previous memory blocks a new memory? | proactive interference |
| What is when a new memory blocks a previous memory? | retroactive |
| What is when an existing memories block each other? | associative |
| What is when you can remember words at the beginning and end of a list but not very well in the middle of the list? | Serial Position Curve |
| What is it when we "rebuild" previous events so that they make sense? | reconstruction |
| What is reconstruction informed by? | schema |
| What is reconstruction influenced by? | post-event information |
| What is extraordinarily detailed recall (but not photographic)? | eidetic memory |
| What is memory failure? | amnesia |
| What are memory processes associated with the preservation of information for retrieval at any later time? | long-term memory |
| What are internally or externally generated stimulus available to help with the retrieval of a memory? | retrieval cue |
| What is a method of retrieval in which an individual is required to reproduce the information previously presented? | recall |
| What is a method of retrieval in which an individual is required to identify stimuli as having been experienced before? | recognition |
| Who first proposed the distinction between episodic and semantic types of declarative memories? | Endel Tulving |
| What is long-term memory for an autobiographical event and the context in which it occurred? | episodic memory |
| What is generic, categorical memory, such as the meaning of words and concepts? | semantic memory |
| What is the principle that subsequent retrieval of information is enhanced if cues received at the time of recall are consistent with those present at the time of encoding? | encoding specificity |
| What is a characteristic of memory retrieval in which the recall of beginning and end items on a list is often better than recall of items appearing in the middle? | serial position effect |
| What is improved memory for the items at the start of a list? | primary effect |
| What is improved memory for the items at the end of a list? | recency effect |
| What is the extent to which a particular item stands out from or is distinct from other items in time? | temporal distinctiveness |
| What is the perspective that suggests that memory is best when the type of processing carried out at encoding matches the processes carried out at the retrieval? | transfer-appropriate processing |
| What is a theory that suggests that the deeper the level at which information was processed, the more likely it is to be retained in memory? | levels-of-processing theory |
| What is in the assessment of implicit memory, the advantage conferred by prior exposure to a word or situation? | priming |
| Who pioneered the study of forgetting? | Hermann Ebbinghaus |
| What are circumstances in which past memories make it more difficult to encode and retrieve new information? | proactive interference |
| What are circumstances in which the formation of new memories makes it more difficult to recover older memories? | retroactive interference |
| What is a technique for improving memory by enriching the encoding information? | elaborative rehearsal |
| What is a strategy or device that used familiar information during the encoding of new information to enhance subsequent access to the information in memory? | mnemonic |
| What is implicit or explicit knowledge about memory abilities and effective memory strategies; cognition about memory? | metamemory |
| Who pioneered research on feelings-of-knowing? | J.T. Hart |
| What are mental representation of a kind or category of items and ideas? | concepts |
| What is the level of categorization that can be retrieved from memory most quickly and used most efficiently? | basic level. |
| What are general conceptual framework, or cluster of knowledge, regarding objects, people, and situations; knowledge package that encodes generalizations about the structure of the environment? | schema |
| What is the most representative example of a category? | prototype |
| What is the member of a category that people have encountered? | exemplar |
| What is the process of putting information together based on general types of stored knowledge in the absence of a specific memory representation? | reconstructive memory |
| What are people's vivid and richly detailed memory in response to personal or public events that have great emotional significance? | flashbulb memories |
| What is the physical memory trace for information in the brain? | engram |
| What part of the brain is essential for procedural memory, memories acquired by repetition, and classically conditioned responses? | cerebellum |
| What part of the brain is a complex of structures in the forebrain; the likely bases for habit formation, and for stimulus response connections? | striatum |
| What part of the brain is responsible for sensory memories and associations between sensations? | cerebral cortex |
| What part of the brain is largely responsible for declarative memory of facts, dates, and names, and the consolidation of spatial memories? | hippocampus |
| What part of the brain plays a critical role in the formation and retrieval of memories with emotional significance? | amygdala |
| What is a failure of memory caused by physical injury, disease, drug use, or psychological trauma? | amnesia |
| What is an inability to form explicit memories for events that occur after the time of physical damage to the brain? | anterograde amnesia |
| What is an inability to retrieve memories from the time before physical damage to the brain? | retrograde amnesia |
Created by:
kristen465