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ch 21 vocab
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| nucleon | a particle found in the nucleus of an atom |
| radioactive | possessing radioactivity, the spontaneous disintegration of an unstable atomic nucleus with accompanying emission of radiation |
| radionuclide | a radioactive nuclide |
| radioisiotope | an isotope that is radioactive; that is, it is undergoing nuclear changes with emission of radiation |
| alpha particle | particles that are identical to helium-4 nuclei, consisting of two protons and two neutrons 4/2 He or 4/2 a |
| beta particle | energetic electrons emitted broom the nucleus 0/-1e |
| positron | a particle with the same mass as an electron but with a positive charge 0/1e |
| electron capture | a mode of radioactive decay in which an inner-shell orbital electron is captured by the nucleus |
| gamma radiation | energetic electromagnetic radiation emanating from the nucleus of a radioactive atom |
| magic numbers | numbers of protons and neutrons that result in very stable nuclei |
| radioactive series (nuclear disintegration series) | a series of nuclear reactions that begins with an unstable nucleus and terminates with a stable one |
| nuclear transmutation | a conversion of one kind of nucleus to another |
| particle accelerator | a device that uses strong magnetic and electrostatic fields to accelerate charges particles |
| transuranium elements | elements that follow uranium in the periodic table |
| becquerel (Bq) | the SI unit of radioactivity. it corresponds to one nuclear disintegration per second |
| curie (Ci) | a measure of radioactivity. 1 curie = 3.7 x 10^10 nuclear disintegration per second |
| activity | the decay rate of a radioactive material, generally expressed as the number of disintegrations per unit time |
| half-life | the time required for the concentration of a reactant substance to decrease to half its initial value, the time required for half of a sample of a particular radioisotope to decay |
| geiger counter | a device that can detect and measure radioactivity |
| scintillation counter | an instrument that is used to detect and measure radiation by the fluorescence it produces in a fluorescing medium |
| radiotracer | a radioisotope that can be used to trace the path of an element in a chemical system |
| mass defect | the difference between the mass of a nucleus and the total masses of the individual nucleons that it contains |
| nuclear binding energy | the energy required to decompose an atomic nucleus into its component protons and neutrons |
| fission | the splitting of a large nucleus into two smaller ones |
| fusion | the joining of two light nuclei to form a more massive one |
| chain reaction | a series of reaction in which one reaction initiates the next |
| critical mass | the amount of fissionable material necessary to maintain a chain reaction |
| supercritical mass | an amount of fissionable material larger than the critical mass |
| thermonuclear reaction | another name for fusion reactions, reactions in which two light nuclei are joined to form a more massive one |
| ionizing radiation | radiation that has sufficient energy to remove an electron from a molecule, thereby ionizing it |
| nonionizing radiation | radiation that does not have sufficient energy to remove an electron from a molecule |
| free radicals | a substance with one or more unpaired electrons |
| gray (Gy) | the SI unit for radiation does corresponding to the absorption of 1 J of energy per kilogram of tissue |
| rad | a measure of the energy absorbed from a radiation by tissue or other biological material |
| rem | a measure of the biological damage caused by radiation |
Created by:
agloskowski
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