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Nutrition Ch 9
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Origin of the word "vitamin" | vital= vital, amine=contains nitrogen |
| Vitamins | tasteless, organic compounds |
| Vitamins required in what amounts? | small (micronutriens) |
| Vitamin functions | regulate metabolism, convert energy in fats/carbs/protein into ATP, promote growth & reproduction |
| How were vitamins named? | in order of discovery |
| Vitamins that were dropped | F, G, H |
| What are the criteria to be a vitamin | cannot be synthesized in ample amounts by body, chronic deficiency will cause physical symptoms, symptoms from deficiency will dissapear once level has been restored but can cause permanent damage |
| How many compounds meat criteria for vitamins? | 13 |
| # water soluble vitamins | 8 |
| # fat soluble vitamins | 4 |
| Fat soluble vitamins | A, D, E, K |
| Solubility of a vitamin influences it's ... | digstion/absorption, transportation, storage, excretion |
| All vitamins contain what atoms? | C, H, O |
| SOME vitamins contain what atoms? | N, S |
| Location of vitamin absorption | ALL in SI |
| Fat soluble vitamins capable of storage? | yes |
| Vitamin A stored in | liver |
| Vitamin K stored | in liver |
| Vitamin E stored | liver |
| Vitamin D stored | fat & muscle |
| Water soluble vitamin absorption | absorbed directly with water into blood stream |
| Water soluble vitamins stored? | NO- excess excreted through urine |
| Do we have to consume water soluble vitamins daily? | yes |
| Do we have to consume fat soluble vitamins daily? | no (we can store them) |
| How are fat soluble vitamins absorbed | same as fat |
| Vitamins transported into SI epithelial cells how? | micelles |
| Once inside SI epithelial cells what happens to vitamins? | packaged with fat and lipids into chylomicron |
| Chylomicron containing vitamins go where? | into lymphatics, then circulation |
| Why do we need certain amount of fat in diet? | to make chylomicrons for fat soluble vitamin absorption |
| bioavailability | degree to which a nutrient is absorbed from food and used in body |
| Vitamin bioavailability varies based on what? | amount in food, preparation, effeciency of digestion and absorption, individuals nutritional status, natural vs. synthetic source |
| Vitamins that are more bioavailable | from animal foods |
| Vitamins that are less bioavailable | from plant foods (can bind with fiber, etc) |
| Which type of vitamins is more stable? | Fat soluble vitamins |
| Water soluble vitamins can be destroyed by what? | air, UV light, water, change in pH, heat, food preparation |
| Provitamins | substance found in food that are not in form that is usable by body, must be converted to active form once absorbed |
| Preformed vitamins | found in foods in active form |
| Vitamins & phytochemicals that act as antioxidants | E, C, Selenium, flavonoids, carotenoids |
| Should we get antioxidants from food or supplements? | better to get from food, supplements not benefitial |
| Best sources of vitamins | fruits, veggies, whole grains |
| Do most people need supplements? | NO |
| fortified foods | foods with nutrients voluntarily added |
| enriched foods | foods with addition of nutrients that were there to begin with but lost during processing |
| Foods are fortified to | enhance nutrient quality, prevent dietary deficiencies, ensure adequate intake |
| Where are fat soluble vitamins found? | lipid portions of foods |
| What do fat soluble vitamins require for absorption? | bile, micelles, chylomicrons |
| What happens to fat soluble vitamins if they are not used? | stored |
| What do vitamins need to move through blood? | specialized protein (RBP) |
| Do fat soluble vitamins need to be consumed daily? | no |
| Can fat soluble vitamins be toxic? Why | yes- since we can store them, buildup an occur |
| What does Vitamin A participate in? | vision, growth, prenatal/postnatal development, immunity |
| retinoids | family of vitamin A |
| Types of preformed Vitamin A | retinol, retinal, retinoic acid |
| Type of provitamin A | carotenoids |
| Carotenoids | orange, yellow pigmented nutrients (some have vitamin A effects, some are independent of Vitamin A) |
| 3 Carotenoids that are converted to Vitamin A | beta carotene, beta cryptoxanthin, alpha carotene |
| Beta carotene is converted to which type of preformed vitamin A? | retinal |
| Where does conversion of Beta carotene to retinal occur? | liver & intestinal mucosa |
| What foods have Preformed Vitamin A? | animal foods |
| What types of preformed vitamin A are found in animal foods? | retinol & retinyl ester |
| What must happen to pre-formed Vitamin A for Vitamin A activity | remove FA via bile & pancreatic lipase |
| When needed, what must transport Vitamin A | retinol binding protein |
| How does Vitamin A function in helping healthy eyes? | part of Rhodopsin & Iodopsin |
| Rhodopsin found in | rods |
| Iodopsin found in | cones |
| Phototransduction- what absorbes incoming light? | rhodopsin |
| What happens when rhodopsin absorbs incoming light? | the retinal attached changes shape from cis to trans, detaching from rhodopsin |
| What happens when retinal detaches from rhodopsin? | changes membrane permeability, G protein, activation of phosphodiesterase, breakdown of cGMP, closure of Na channels |
| What does closure of Na channels during phototransduction cause? | hyperpolarization, inhibitory NTs no longer released so signal can be taken to brain |
| Type of vitamin A that is involved in phototransduction | retinAl |
| What type of vitamin A is involved in Prenatal and postnatal development? | retinoic acid |
| How is retinoic acid involved in prenatal & postnatal development? | promotes gene expression (binds retinoid receptors RCR and RAR in nucleus) |
| What time of vitamin A is involved in tissue repair? | retinoic acid |
| How does Vitamin A maintain epithelial tissue? | retinoic acid maintains differentiated state of epithelial tissue |
| What does a vitamin A deficiency result in? | poor immunity |
| Functions of Vitamin A in immunity | T cell differentiation, balance of regulatory and helper T cells, trafficking to secondary lymphoid tissue, B cell maturation, mucosal immunity |
| Retinol Binding Protein | selective protein that transports Vitamin A in bloodstream |
| Locations of RBP | blood, tissues, small intestine, retina |
| Food source of preformed Vitamin A | animal products |
| Food source of Provitamin A | fruits & veggies that are yellow/orange/green |
| Overconsumption of which type of Vitamin A is toxic | Preformed Vitamin A |
| Overconsumption of which type of Vitamin A is NOT toxic | Provitamin A |
| Overconsumption of Preformed Vitamin A causes | Hypervitaminosis A |
| Hypervitaminosis A | Vitamin A accumulates in liver, resulting in liver damage and possibly death |
| Hypervitaminosis A is usually due to | Vitamin A supplements |
| Why is Preformed vitamin A dangerous during pregnancy | Vitamin A is a teratogen |
| How does overconsumption of Preformed Vitamin A affect bones? | can result in osteoporosis and bone fractures |
| Overconsumption of ProVitamin A causes | carotenodermia |
| Carotenodermia | skin turns orange |
| Beta carotene supplementation studies | B Carotene given to smokers increased risk for lung cancer |
| If you are pregnant and taking a Vitamin A supplement, which one should you take? | Provitamin A |
| Is Vitamin A deficiency a problem in US? | no- Vitamin A is abundant in our food |
| What can Vitamin A deficiency cause? | night blindness, xerophthalmia, keratinization |
| Night blindness | Blindness after light is shined in eye due to inability to remake retinal |
| Xerophthalmia | dryness and permanent damage to cornea (leading cause of preventable blindness) |
| Keratinization | keratinization of epithelial tissues (cells are unable to function properly, promoting infection) |
| Is vitamin A deficiency a problem worldwide? | yes |
| What individuals are at risk for Vitamin A deficiency? | those with diseases of pancreas or bile secretion |
| Specific diseases that should be careful of Vitamin A deficiency | Chrons disease, celiac disease |
| How is Vitamin A used as a drug (what for?) | skin & malignancies |
| What type of Vitamin A is used to treat malignancies? | retinoic acid |
| Why is retinoic acid used to treat malignancies? | it pushed cells to become differentiated |
| What do epidemiological studies of Vitamin A show? | inverse correlation between Vitamin A/carotenoid consumption and cancer |
| Sunshine Vitamin | D |
| What type of nutrient is vitamin D? | conditionally essential |
| Exposure to sunlight can do what for us? | synthesize all of body's vitamin D needs |
| Vitamin D is made from what? | cholesterol containing compound in skin has to be converted to inactive form of Vitamin D, and then it must be metabolized to active form |
| What 2 forms is vitamin D found as? | D2 and D3 |
| Vitamin D2 found in what foods? | plant foods |
| Vitamin D3 found in what foods? | animal foods OR made by the body |
| 7 dehydrocholesterol | precursor to vitamin D |
| 7 dehydrocholesterol made where? | in liver |
| 7 dehydrocholesterol found where? | skin |
| UVB light's role in Vitamin D synthesis | converts 7 dehydrocholesterol to Previtamin D3 |
| What happens to Previtamin D3 in the skin? | transported to the liver |
| What happens to Previtamin D3 in the liver? | hydroxylated, converted to 25-hydroxy Vitamin D3 |
| What happens to 25-hydroxy Vitamin D3 in liver? | hydroxylated and taken to kidneys, converted to 1,25 (OH)2 Vitamin D3 in kidney |
| Active form of Vitamin D | 1, 25 (OH)2 Vitamin D3 |
| What are the two classification of Vitamin D function? | calcemic & non-calcemic |
| Calcemic role of vitamin D | regulation of blood calcium and phosphorous |
| How does Vit D regulate blood calcium & phosphorous? | acts as hormone |
| What are the sites of Vitamin D calcemic regulation? | bones, kidney, intestine |
| Low blood calcium causes what? | increased PTH production |
| Vitamin D function in bone | release of calcium and phosphorous from |
| Vitamin D function in Kidney | reduces calcium excretion from kidney |
| Vitamin D function in intestine | increased calcium absorption |
| What organs does Vitamin D act with PTH? | bone & Kidney |
| What organs does vitamin D act independent of PTH? | intestine |
| Overall effect of Vitamin D on blood calcium | increases blood calcium |
| Non-calcemic role of Vitamin D | cell differentiation, antiproliferatice |
| Where does Vitamin D have non-calcemic effects (stops proliferation, increases differentiation)? | muscle cells, epithelial cells, immune system |
| What might the non-calcemic role of Vitamin D do? | prevent some cancers and type 2 diabetes, reduce risk of some autoimmune disorders, takes part in regulation of blood pressure |
| Vitamin D vs. Mortality | the more Vitamin D you get, the decreased risk of mortality |
| Daily vitamin D needs depend on what? | skin pigmentation (amount of melanin) |
| Light skinned Vitamin D needs | can make sufficient amount of Vitamin D in shorter amount of time |
| Dark skinned vitamin D needs | need to be outside longer to make same amount of Vitamin D as light skinned people |
| Use of suncreen affect on Vitamin D | anything over SPF4 inhibits Vitamin D formation |
| Geographical location affect on Vitamin D | Anything above line cannot make sufficient amount of Vitamin D from November through march |
| Age affect on Vitamin D | children need more Vitamin D than adults (strong bones) |
| What are food sources of Vitamin D? | fatty fish (salmon, sardine) and mushrooms |
| Are egg yolks a good source of Vitamin D? | no |
| How are mushrooms a good source of vitamin D? | they are exposed to light which induces Vitamin D formation |
| Supplement source of Vitamin D | fortified Dairy |
| Is Vitamin D overconsumption observe from sun exposure or natural sources? | NO |
| Vitamin D overcomsumption comes from what? | supplementation |
| Hypervitaminosis D causes | overabsorption of calcium |
| Hypervitaminosis D can lead to | hypercalcemia |
| Results of hypercalcemia | damaging calcium deposites in kidneys, lungs, vessels, heart, can be fatal |
| Too Much Vitamin D results in what? | rickets in children, osteomalacia in adults |
| Rickets | vitamin D deficiency in children, bones aren't adequately mineralized with calcium and phosphorous (bowed legs) |
| US incidence of Rickets | increasing |
| Why is US incidence of rickets increasing? | kids are outside less, when kids are outside they wear a lot of sunscreen |
| Osteomalacia | adult equivalent of rickets (bones aren't adequately mineralized) |
| Osteomalacia vs. Osteoporosis | osteomalacia is decreased bone mineralization, osteoporosis is decreased bone density |
| Osteomalacia may lead to | osteoporosis |
| Classifications of Vitamin E | tocopherols & tocotrienols |
| most active form of Vitamin E in body | alpha-tocopherol |
| Functions of Vitamin E | antioxidant, anticoagulant |
| How does Vitamin E act as an antioxidant? | protects lipid peroxidation, prevents oxidation of LDL cholesterol |
| What are dietary sources of vitamin E? | Nuts, Plant Oils, Fruits, Veggies |
| Vitamin E found in foods is in what form | active |
| Synthetic Vitamin E form | half of it is active (contains 2 different isomers) |
| Vitamin E Heart disease study | Vitamin E given to men with heart disease increased their risk for heart attack |
| High Dosage of Vitamin E supplementation can cause | mortality |
| What amount of vitamin E supplements may increase mortality and should be avoided? | >400 IU/day |
| Is there a risk of consuming too much vitamin E from natural food sources? | NO- only supplements |
| Overconsumption of synthetic vitamin E & foods fortified with Vitamin E can cause what? | hemorrhage |
| Are problems from too little Vitamin E a problem? | no, very rare |
| What CAN vitamin E do if overconsumed a lot? | nerve problems, muscle weakness, free radical damage to cell membranes |
| Vitamin Intake in US | marginal |
| Two forms of Vitamin K | menaquinone, phyllogquinone |
| menaquinone found where | synthesized by intestinal bacteria |
| phylloquinone found where | green plants |
| Vitamin K is essential for what bodily process? | blood clotting |
| How does Vitamin K help in blood clotting? | involved in synthesizing four blood clotting factors |
| What steps of blood clotting is vitamin K involved in | carboxylation of glutamic acid, allows binding to Calcium, clotting |
| How is Vitamin K important for bone health? | enables osteocalcin to bind with calcium |
| Osteocalcin | proteins essential for formation of strong bone matrix |
| What is the plant origin of Vitamin K? | phylloquinone |
| What foods are phylloquinone found in? | green veggies, plant oils |
| Where is menaquinones found? | made from intestinal bacteria |
| Are there problems from consuming to much Vitamin K from food? | no |
| Are there problems form consuming too much Vitamin K from supplements? | no |
| What is the only worry with people who are taking vitamin K | people who are also taking anticoagulant medications need to keep vitamin K intake consistent |
| What can happen if Vitamin K intake varies and you are taking an anticoagulant drug? | it can increase or decrease drug effectiveness |
| is Too little vitamin K a problem? | no, deficiency severe enough to affect blood clotting is extremely rare |
| Pro of fortification | can get intake if you don't like certain foods |
| Con of fortification | all fortified sources can add up and displace other foods |
| Who might benefit from a vitamin supplement? | pregnant/lactating women, women with low iron, people with limited sun exposure, vegans, older individuals |
| Are supplements regulated? | NO (not as strictly as drugs) |
| 1994 Dietary supplement health and education act did what? | put burden onto manufacturers |
| When is the only time FDA has to approve a supplement? | new ingredient that has not been used before, or if it has been shown to be unsafe |
| Who sets standards for dietary supplements? | U.S. pharmocopoeia (USP) |
| USP label tells you what about a supplement | ensures quality and safety (says it is what it is) |
| USP label does not tell you what about a supplement | endorse or validate health claims |
| Cancer is characterized by | uncontrolled growth and spread of abnormal cells |
| Cancer is what # leading cause of death in US | 2nd |
| Most common type of cancer in males AND females | lung |
| 3 stages of cancer | initiation, promotion, progression |
| initiation stage of cancer | DNA altered, a damaged cell is produced (i.e. by sunlight) |
| promotion stage of cancer | damaged cells reproduce and form a tumor, environment is created for growth |
| progression stage of cancer | tumor continues to grow, metasticizing to other tissues |
| Nonstarchy veggies and fruit can lower risk of what cancer? | esophageal, stomach, colon |
| Cauliflower, broccoli, and brussel sprouts can lower risk of what cancer? | bladder cancer |
| Tomatoes can lower risk of what cancer? | prostate cancer in men |
| What nutrients are associated with a lower risk of cancer | A, D, C, E vitamins, folate, selenium, fiber, omega 3 FA |
| What foods can increase cancer risk | red meat (especially when grilled), nitrates or nitrites in processed meats |
| Is antioxidant supplementation good? | no |
| Why is antioxidant supplementation not good? | it increases only one supplement in one compartment in cell, throwing off balance (only food gives you right balance of antioxidants) |
| How are antioxidants found in cell? | in different compartments |
Created by:
tayyy580@aim.com