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Humanities
Midterm
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| The Black Death describes the pandemic caused by | Originated in China, spread by Mongols to east Asia & middle East, carried by fleas on rats to Europe in 1347 |
| What were the effects of the black Death? | 1/2-1/3 of Europe's population was destroyed, Exodus from countryside spurred urban growth and slowly disintegrated manorialism(serfs bound to land) |
| What were the causes of the Hundred Year's War? | English claim to continental lands & English claim to the French throne, occasioned by the death of Charles IV. |
| What is the Magna Carta and why is it significant? | was arguably the most significant early influence on the extensive historical process that led to the rules of constitutional law today in the English speaking world. Influenced the development of the common law and many constitutional documents(US Cons) |
| The English withdrew from France, ending the Hundred Years' War, after facing a revitalized French army under the leadership of | Joan of Arc. War proved to be too much of a financial and physical burden for the English. |
| Ars Nova is the name given to the? | "new art" of the 14th century characterized by isorhythm and syncopation. |
| "The Great Schism" refers to the? | Rift between French and Italian factions of the college of Cardinals led to the election of the two popes, one who ruled from Avignon, the other from Rome. |
| The new realism in the art of Renaissance is due to what factors? What artist was the first to be credited with this new realism? | Realism: A close, objective attention to humans and interaction. Giotto |
| Who was Giotto and why was he significant? What was innovative about his work? | Pioneer realism artist on the eve of the renaissance. Introduced natural and lifelike style that anticipated Italian renaissance picture-making. |
| What writer provided a diffrence of women in the Book of the City of Ladies? | Christine de Pisan, an attack on male misogyny and a sound defense of the female's right to education, inspired by Boccaccio's On Famous Women. |
| What are some characteristics of Renaissance art? How was it different from the art of the middle ages? | Figures convincing human, not individualized to the point of portraiture but neither are they stereotypes. |
| What is chiaroscuro? What is sfmato? | Chiaroscuro: Modeling form through gradations of light and shade, giving Giotto's figures a 3-D presence. Sfmato: Without lines or borders, in the manner of smoke or beyond the focus plane.(Mona Lisa) |
| Ficino's contribution to classical humanism lay in the translation and interpretation of the works of? | Translated the works of Plato, which inspired Renaissance poets and painters with "platonic"(or spiritual) themes that attract the soul of God and attribute love to physical beauty. |
| Who is credited with writing the Canterbury Tales? | Geoffrey Chaucer |
| Who was Petrarch? What were his contributions to Renaissance humanism? | Florentine poet and scholar, "father of humanism", devoted his life to the recovery, copying, and editing of Latin manuscripts(ancient sources of wisdom, more than 200 volumes.) |
| What were Castiglione's views on women? | That they ought to be knowledgeable of letters, music and art, but "in her way, manners, words, gestures, and bearing a woman ought to be very unlike a man." |
| In The Prince, Machiavelli describes his ideal ruler. What are some of the characteristics of this rulers? Why did he write the book? | Powerful and courageous, untrusting, ruthless fierce but sly, and above all willing to invoke his will. He wrote it as a lament over the times,to justify the need for a strong state and strong rule. |
| Who defined the laws of perspective as a tool for creating the appearance of three-dimensional space on a two-dimensional surface? | Brunelleschi formulated the first laws of linear perspective(all lines converge at a vanishing point on the horizon) |
| Masaccio's major works are? | The Tribute Money. |
| Boticelli's major works are? | Birth of Venus. |
| Leonardo's major works are? | Mona Lisa, Last Supper, Embryo in the womb. |
| Michelangelo's major works are? | David, ceiling of the Sistine chapel, Dome of Saint peter's, Pieta in St. Peter's Basilica |
| Raphael's major works are? | The Alba Madonna, The school of Athens. |
| The word "Mona" in Mona Lisa means? Why was this painting so unusual for the times? | Abbreviation for the Madonna or Madame. Unusual for times because of the "lifelikeness" but also the expert use of sfumato technique in order to build a piece that was interdependent and multi-interpretable in many of its expressive elements. |
| The early Renaissance took place in Florence, Italy, why? What were the causes of this rebirth and why did it take place in Florence? | The Medici family, a wealthy banking family in Florence who rules for four generations and supported scholarship and patronized the arts. |
| Where did the high Renaissance take place? | Shifted from Florence(Early Renaissance) to Rome as the popes undertook a campaign to restore that ancient city to its grandeur as the capital of Christendom. Also took place in Venice. |
| What are some features of music in the Renaissance? | Secular, appraising of virtuosity, celebratory, polyphonic, conveying meaning via word painting, utilizing imitation, choral but sometimes having instruments playing voices, sometimes completely instrumental(clavichord and harpsichord) |
| What is the composer Josquin de Prez known for? | "The Prince of Music", unifying the plyphonic Mass around a single musical theme, artistically combined phrasing and music with words being expressed and therefore the first to practice word painting.(Famous Piece: Ave Maria) |
| Why did Renaissance humanists study Greco-Roman classics? | Because of a combination of the printing press and the recovery of many Greek and Latin manuscripts, with an explosive "rebirth" affect the widespread ideas had on the greater populace. |
| What is humanism and how did it affect the Italian Renaissance? | Distinctly secular, appraising of the individual in the case of the Renaissance and not the Church, inspiring ideas of human potential, and attracting the interest of a broad base of the population and not a mere handful of theologians. |
| Pico della Mirandola emphasized man's? | Moral freedom to fashion one's own nature and thus determine one's destiny. |
| What are the 'Gates of Heaven'. Who created them? How did he get chosen to complete the work? | A set of bronze relief panels for the east doorway of the Florence baptistery of San Giovanni, made y Lorenzo Ghiberti in 1452. He first won a competition for an intial set he created for the north door of the building in 1402. |
| How did the invention of the printing press affect the Renaissance? | Spread books and thus ideas and knowledge, and spread music and instrumental methods too. |
| Why is Leonardo da Vinci considered a Renaissance man? | He was an artist, scientist, skilled mathematician, composer and inventor, fulfilling the ideal artist as a creative genius. |
| What is linear perspective? What is aerial perspective? Be able to recognize examples of each. | Linear Perspective: In a given field, all parallel lines converge at a single vanishing point on the horizon. Aerial Perspective: the subtle blurring of details and diminution of color intensity in objectives perceived at a distance. |
| What is polyphonism? | Utilizing multiple voices moving creatively and building texture in music composition. |
| What is a pieta? | A subject in Christian art depicting the Virgin Mary cradling the dead body of Jesus, most often found in sculpture. |
| What is a fresco? How is it made? | A technique of mural painting executed upon freshly laid lime plaster. Fresh plaster absorbs the pigments; after a number of hours, it dries and reacts with the air to become the medium holding the pigment. |
| Who were the most important supporters of art in the Italian Renaissance? | The Medici family in Florence, the papacy in Rome, and Venetians governed by a merchant aristocracy. |
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