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Bioethics
Exam #2
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| The principle of nonmaleficence obligates us to | refrain from causing harm to others |
| True or false: nonmaleficence requires only intentional avoidance of actions that cause harm | true |
| If a physician forgets that a patient does not want to receive certain types of information yet discloses that information anyway, this is an example of | inadvertent negligence |
| the distinction between ordinary and extraordinary treatments has a prominent history in | roman catholic casuistry, judicial decisions, medical practice |
| true or false: physicians have no obligation to provide pointless futile or contraindicated treatments | true |
| "letting die" is prima facie acceptable in medicine under these two conditions | either the patient or his or her authorized surrogates have validly refused medical technology; a medical technology is useless, in the strict sense of medical futility. |
| which of the following is not a condition that must be met in order for an act to be morally justified under the rule of double effect | the bad effect must be a means to the good effect |
| true or false: the principle or nonmaleficence requires the prevention of harm to others | false |
| true or false: in order to judge whether an act of either killing or letting die is justified or unjustified, we need to know information about the actor's motive | true |
| true or false: U.S. courts since the 1970s have generally placed medically administered nutrition and hydration under the same substantive and procedural standards as other medical treatments such as the respirator | true |
| According to Beauchamp and Childress, __ alone justifies truly paternalistic actions | beneficence |
| true or false: Often the principle of beneficence permits us to help or benefit those with whom we have special relationships, without thereby obliging us to help or benefit those with whom we have no such relationship | true |
| the utilitarian moral theory of __ closely associated beneficence with the goal of morality itself | david hume |
| which of the following is true of rules of beneficence? | they generally do not provide reasons for legal punishment when agents fail to abide by them |
| the __ __ standard of surrogate decision making applies exclusively to formerly autonomous, now-incompetent patients who have expressed a relevant, autonomous treatment preference | pure autonomy |
| which of the following do the authors cite as a potential drawback to instituting a general precautionary principle with regard to new technologies | all of the above |
| true or false: advanced directives raise complex issues and occasionally should be overridden | true |
| __ is a method used in cost-benefit analysis to estimate the monetary value of human life based on a person's revealed and expressed preferences about the value of money | willingness to pay (WTP) |
| ___ requires that agents balance benefits, risks, and costs to produce the best overall result | utility |
| true or false: unlike cost-benefit analysis (CBA), cost-effectiveness analysis (CEA) functions best to compare and evaluate different programs sharing an identical aim | true |
| true or false: according to beauchamp and childress, the principle of respect for autonomy, being more foundational, has moral priority over other principles | false |
| the positive obligation of respect for autonomy obligates professionals in health care and research involving human subjects to | all of the above |
| the basic paradigm of the exercise of autonomy in health care and in research is __ consent | express |
| which of the following could possibly be classified as a presupposition of obtaining informed consent, rather than as an element | competence |
| the voluntariness of a patient's decision may be diminished or destroyed by which of the following | all of the above |
| __ is a form of influence in which a patient comes to believe in something through the merit of reasons another person advances | persuasion |
| to be ethically justifiable, an "opt-out" policy of organ donation would require: | both a and b (vigorous efforts, reliable mechanism) |
| true or false: evidence suggests that the placebo response or the placebo effect can sometimes be produced without nondisclosure or deception | true |
| true or false: research involving human subjects is always morally unjustifiable if it involves deception or incomplete disclosure | false |
| true or false: the level of evidence for determining competence should vary according to the level of risk involved in making the decision | true |
| The term “___________” refers to the character trait or virtue of being disposed to act for the benefit of others. | benevolence |
| In health care, many obligations of __________ beneficence arise as a result of the professional relationship of physicians to patients. | specific |
| ______________ refers to the act or practice of making an appropriate and often proportional return (benefit for benefit, gratitude for generosity). | reciprocity |
| Soft paternalistic policies, like “sin taxes” on cigarettes, can lead to _____________ of population subgroups, sometimes leading to heavy psychosocial costs. | stigmatization |
| The __________ ___________ standard for surrogate decision making requires the surrogate to make the decision the incompetent person would have made if competent, based on intimate knowledge of the patient’s values and preferences. | substituted judgment |
| A __________ __________ _________ _________ (QALY) is a calculation that takes into account both the quantity and quality of life produced by medical interventions. | quality of adjusted life years |
| So-called ______ _________ risks are acceptable risks because they can be interpreted as effectively zero (e.g., 1 cancer/million). | de minimis |
| Although it cannot be found in his written works, the maxim “Above all [or first], do no harm” is attributed to ______________. | hippocrates |
| In cases of risk imposition, both law and morality recognize a standard of _______ _______, which involves taking appropriate measures to avoid causing harm as the circumstances demand of a reasonable and prudent person. | due care |
| Professional _____________ is an instance of negligence that involves failure to follow professional standards of care. | malpractice |
| Traditionally, actions that result in a merely foreseen, unintended bad result could be justified under the rule of _________ _________. | double effect |
| Under the ___________ Death with Dignity Act (ODWDA), physicians are permitted, under law, to write prescriptions for a lethal medication at a patient’s request. | Oregon |
| Lawyers, physicians, & writers in bioethics have condemned the actions of ______ ______, whose “death machine” was used to assist in patient suicide without administering adequate medical/psychological examinations to determine pt competence. | Jack Kevorkian |
| In the event that a patient loses the capacity to make decisions about medical care, a _________ must be chosen to make decisions on his or her behalf. | surrogate |
| Virtually all theories of autonomy view the following two conditions as essential for autonomy: _________ and __________. | liberty and agency |
| Expressed as a ____________ obligation, the principle of respect for autonomy requires both respectful treatment in disclosing information and actions that foster autonomous decision making. | positive |
| ___________ consent (whether implied or presumed) occurs silently or passively through omissions. | tacit |
| The level of a person’s capacity to decide will rise as the ___________ of the task or decision increases. | difficulty |
| The ______________ standard of disclosure judges the adequacy of information to be disclosed by reference to the specific informational needs of the individual person. | subjective |
| The term “___________ ____________” refers to a circumstance in which research subjects fail to adequately understand the purpose and aims of research, mistakenly believing that their participation is primarily therapeutic in nature. | therapeutic misconception |
| _____________ is a generic term referring to the act of swaying people to do what one desires by means other than coercion or persuasion. | manipulation |
| Which of the following is not listed among the conditions that are sufficient for justified physician assistance in ending life? | A court-appointed third party must be present. |
| Voluntary, informed consent is a necessary and sufficient condition for medical interventions and research involving human subjects. | False |
| A _____________ is a substance or intervention that the clinician believes to be pharmacologically or biomedically inert or inactive for the condition being treated. | Placebo |
| The ___________ _____________ standard of disclosure holds that customary standards arise within the context of the community of medical practitioners. | Professional practice |
| Intentionality, as a condition for autonomous choice, is a matter of degree. | False |
| Expressed as a ____________ obligation, the principle of respect for autonomy requires that autonomous acts not be subjected to controlling constraints by others. | Negative |
| A decline in executional autonomy (i.e., the inability to carry out personal choices because of physical impairments) will necessarily be accompanied by a decline in decisional autonomy. | False |
| Research involving human subjects is always morally unjustifiable if it involves deception or incomplete disclosure. | False |
| The level of a person's capacity to decide will rise as the ___________ of the task or decision increases. | Complexity |
| If ignorance prevents an informed choice, it may be permissible or possibly even obligatory to promote autonomy by attempting to impose unwelcome information. | True |
| According to Beauchamp and Childress, there is a fundamental inconsistency between autonomous action and authority of institutions and/or religious traditions. | False |
| Technologies that are used to supply nutrition and hydration using needles, tubes, catheters, and the like have often been referred to as ____________ technologies. | Sustenance |
| A ________________ is a thwarting, defeating, or setting back of some party's interests. | Harm |
| The key issue in requests for aid-in-dying is whether valid requests render it permissible for a physician to lend aid-in-dying, rather than whether physicians are ____________ to lend assistance in dying. | Obligated |
| According to Beauchamp and Childress, autonomous requests of patients for aid-in-dying should be respected under ____________ circumstances. | Some |
| Because secure anonymization is notoriously difficult to achieve, even anonymized biological samples can harm some personal and group interests and may violate the investigator-subject relationship. | True |
Created by:
brittseiler3