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Geography 9wks test
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Chernozem | rich black topsoil found in North European Plain, especially in Russia and Ukraine |
| Kums | Regional term for the sandy deserts in the Turan Lowland, as in Kara Kum |
| Permafrost | Permanently frozen layer of soil beneath the surface of the ground |
| Tundra | Vast treeless plains in cold northern climates, characterized by permafrost and small, low plants such as mosses and shrubs |
| Taiga | Russian term for the vast sub-artic forest, mainly evergreens, that begins where the tundra ends; also used for subartic climate regions in general |
| Steppe | Wide grassy plains of Eurasia stretching from the Black Sea to the Altai Mountains; also, similar semi-arid climate regions elsewhere |
| Ethnic Group | Group of people who share a common ancestry, languages, customs, religion, or combination of such characteristics |
| Nationalities | Large, distinct ethic groups within a country, used especially in Russia and the Eurasian republics |
| Czar | In Russian history, the emperor or supreme ruler |
| Serf | Laborer owned by a noble and obliged to remain on the land where he or she worked |
| Socialism | Political philosophy that originally called for ownership all land and factories by peasants and workers, now refers to government ownership of some or all means of production |
| Russification | in 19th century Russia, a government program that required everyone in the empire to speak Russian and to become Christian |
| Communism | Social and political movement by Marx and Lenin that favored revolution to establish a classless society in which workers would control industrial production |
| Perestrokia | In Russian, "restructuring"; part of Gorbachev's plan for reforming Soviet government |
| Glasnot | Russian term for "openness", part of Gorbachev's reform plans |
| Atheist | Person who does not believe in God |
| Icon | Religious image, usually including a picture a Jesus, Mary, or a saint, used mainly by Orthodox Christians |
| Patriach | in church history, an important bishop or leader; today, the head of an independent Eastern Orthodox church or of the Armenian Apostolic Church |
| Pogrom | In Czarist Russia, an attack on Jews carried out by the government troops or officials |
| Socialist Realism | In the Soviet Union, realistic style of art and literature that glorified Soviet ideals and goals |
| The peninsula that forms Italy | Apennine Peninsula |
| Spain's dry central plain | Meseta |
| Drained areas in the Netherlands, once covered by the sea | Polders |
| Long, narrow inlets formed by glaciers during the Ice Age | Fjords |
| Soil permanently frozen below the surface | Permafrost |
| Strong northerly wind from the Alps | Mistral |
| Kind of vegetable matter found in western Europe burned as fuel in homes | Peat |
| Hot winds from the desert of Libya that blow towards Mediterranean coast | Siroccos |
| Dry winds that blow down the mountains sometimes causing avalanches | Foehns |
| Ocean current that warms northern Europe. Keeps Norway's harbors ice free | North Atlantic Drift |
| Shrubs or short trees formed by hot, dry Mediterranean summers | Chaparral |
| Large landmass that includes Europe and Asia | Eurasia |
| A mass of ice, snow, or rock sliding down a mountainside. | Avalanche |
| Northern peninsula that makes up most of Denmark | Jutland Peninsula |
| Area in Europe that has a lot of oil and gas exploration | North Sea |
| Local form of a language used in a particular place or by a certain group. | Dialect |
| Person who must leave his or her country and flee somewhere else for safety | Refugee |
| Artistic style portraying everyday life that developed in Europe mid-1800s | Realism |
| Social and political movement developed by Marx and Lenin that favored revolution to establish a classless society in which workers control industrial production | Communism |
| Group of related languages that have all developed from one earlier language | Language Family |
| In ancient Greece, independent community of a city and surrounding lands | City-state |
| Nation in which the government assumes responsibility for people's welfare | Welfare State |
| Refers to the power struggle between the Soviet Union and the United States | Cold War |
| Artistic style that developed in Europe in the late 1800s that tried to show the natural appearance of objects with dabs and strokes of color | Impressionism |
| Series of religious wars in which European Christians tried to retake Palestine from Muslim rule | Crusades |
| Religious movement that began in Germany in the 1400s, leading to the establishment of Protestant Church | Reformation |
| In medieval Europe and Japan, system of government in which powerful lords gave land to novels in return for pledges of loyalty | Feudalism |
| Term given to the mass killings of 6 million Jews by Germany's Nazi leaders during World War II | Holocaust |
| Artistic style emphasizing individual emotions that developed in Europe in the late 1700s and early 1800s as a reaction to industrialization. | Romanticism |
| Having elements that come from more than one culture | Multicultural |
| In Europe, a 300-year period of renewed interest in classical learning and the arts, beginning in the 1300s | Renaissance |
| Water formed by melting snow and ice | Meltwater |
| Household goods, shows, and clothing that individuals buy | Consumer Goods |
| A tax on imports or exports | Tariff |
| Precipitation carrying large amounts of dissolved acids, especially sulfuric acid and nitric acid, which damages buildings, forests, crops, and wildlife | Acid rain |
| The manufacture of machinery and equipment needed for factories or mines | Heavy Industry |
| Raising several kinds of crops and livestock on the same farm | Mixed Farming |
| Manufacturing aimed at making consumer goods rather than heavy machinery, such as textiles or food processing. | Light Industry |
| Organization in which farmers share in growing and selling farm products | Farm cooperative |
| Wet or dry airborne acids that fall to the earth | Acid Disposition |
| The use of natural substances to enrich the soil and grow crops rather than chemical fertilizers and pesticides | Organic Farming |
| Person actively concerned wight eh quality and production of the environment | Environmentalist |
| Under communism, a state-owned farm managed by government officials; also called sovkhoz | Sate farming |
| Scientist who studies plant and animal life | Biologist |
| Under communism, a large, state-owned farm on which farmers received wages plus a share of products and profits; also called a kholkoz | Collective Farming |
| These countries make up the Scandinavian peninsula | Sweden Norway |
| These countries make up the the Iberian peninsula | Spain Portugal |
| This country makes up most if the Balkan peninsula | Greece |
| Name four (4) rivers in Europe | Po River, Rhine River, Danube River, Thames River |
| Name four (4) mountain ranges in Europe | Alps, Carpathian, Apennines, Pyrenees |
| What country is also known as the "Emerald Isle"? | Ireland |
| In which European country would you find the Black Forest | Germany |
| What us the name of the part the U.K that is on the same island as Ireland? | Northern Ireland |
| Name another province of the U.K | Scotland or Wales |
| The island nation in Europe is known for its hot springs, thermal activity, and geysers | Iceland |
| The official religion of the Roman Empire was___ | Christianity |
| In the 800s, the Etruscans built an empire based on___ | Trade |
| East and West Germany were united in___ | 1990 |
| Conflict in Northern Ireland has been brought about by____ | bitterness between Protestants and Catholics |
| The European Union was formed in 1958 as___ | an economic unit that formed a single market for its six member nations |
| The French Revolution of 1789___ | established a republic in France |
| During the 600s, Muslims contributed to the culture of Europe by___ | expanding the use of mathematics, medicine, and astronomy |
| The Roman Catholic Church influenced western Europe by___ | Introducing Roman government and justice to the Germanic people there. |
| The Reformation had the effect of____ | diminishing the power of the Roman Catholic Church |
| The Industrial Revolution brought about___ | the growth of a prosperous middle class |
| The move toward communism was fueled by____ | poor social conditions |
| In the 1600s the English Parliament passed a Bill of Rights that was designed to__ | limit the powers of the monarch |
| Most northern Europeans speak__ | Germanic languages |
| Most of Europe's Christians are__ | Roman Catholic |
| In which of the following countries would you find the Flemings and Walloons? | Belgium |
| English, Dutch, Norwegian, and Swedish are all examples of which language family? | Germanic languages |
| Bastille day is celebrated in___ | France |
| Switzerland's official languages are___ | German, French, and Italian |
| Portugal | Lisbon |
| Spain | Madrid |
| France | Paris |
| Andorra | Andorra La Valle |
| United Kingdom | London |
| Ireland | Dublin |
| Belgium | Brussels |
| Luxembourg | Luxembourg City |
| Netherlands | Amsterdam |
| Denmark | Copenhagen |
| Germany | Berlin |
| Switzerland | Bern |
| Italy | Rome |
| Austria | Vienna |
| Czech Rupublic | Prague |
| Liechtenstein | Vaduz |
| Greece | Athens |
| Albania | Tirane |
| Macedonia | Skopje |
| Kosovo | Pristina |
| Montenegro | Podgorica |
| Bosnia & Herzegovina | Sarajevo |
| Serbia | Belgrade |
| Bulgaria | Sofia |
| Croatia | Zagreb |
| Slovenia | Ljubljana |
| Hungary | Budapest |
| Romania | Bucharest |
| Moldova | Chisinau |
| Poland | Warsaw |
| Ukraine | Kiev |
| Slovakia | Bratislava |
Created by:
mal_dixon98