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PSYC 111
Chapter 6 Learning and Behavior Analysis
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is process based on experience that results in a relatively consistent change in behavior or behavior potential? | learning |
| What is learning? | process based on experience that results in a relatively consistent change in behavior or behavior potential? |
| What does learning require? | plasticity |
| What are changes in the brain's structure and performance? | plasticity |
| What is the difference between what has been learned and what is expressed in overt behavior? | learning-performance distinction |
| What is a decrease in a behavioral response when a stimulus is presented repeatedly? | habituation |
| What is an increase in behavioral response when a stimulus is presented repeatedly? | sensitization |
| Who founded the school of psychology known as behaviorism? | John Watson |
| Who formulated radical behaviorism? | B. F. Skinner |
| What is the branch of psychology which holds that all behaviors (including mental events) are caused by external factors? | behaviorism |
| Behaviorists only study ___ factors. | observable |
| What are 3 types of observable factors behaviorists study? | stimuli, responses, consequences |
| What are pre-existing environmental conditions? | stimuli |
| What are the reactions organisms make to stimuli? | responses |
| What are the results of responses? | consequences |
| What is the area of psychology that focuses on the environmental determinants of learning and behavior? | behavior analysis |
| What is a type of learning in which organisms come to make associations between stimuli and automatic responses? | classical conditioning |
| Who was the founder of classical conditioning? | Ivan Pavlov |
| What is a type of learning in which a behavior (conditioned response) comes to be elicited by a stimulus (conditioned stimulus) that has acquired its power through an association with a biologically significant stimulus (unconditioned stimulus)? | classical conditioning |
| Who was the russian physiologist who studied digestive processes and found that stimuli can become associated with one another? | Ivan Pavlov |
| What is an unlearned response elicited by specific stimuli that have biological relevance for an organism? | reflex |
| What, in classical conditioning, is the stimulus that elicits an unconditioned response? | unconditioned stimulus |
| What, in classical conditioning, is the response elicited by an unconditioned stimulus without prior training or learning? | unconditioned response |
| What, in classical conditioning, is a previously neutral stimulus that comes to elicit a conditioned response? | conditioned stimulus |
| What, in classical conditioning, is a response elicited by some previously neutral stimulus with an unconditioned stimulus? | conditioned response |
| What is anything that naturally elicits a reflexive behavior (automatic)? | unconditioned stimulus |
| What is where the behavior is elicited (automatic response)? | unconditioned response |
| What is anything that does not elicit a reflexive behavior initially (is neutral), but which does produce a response after conditioning (learned stimulus)? | conditioned stimulus |
| What is when the behavior is elicited (learned response)? | conditioned response |
| What are the 5 processes of classical conditioning? | acquisition, extinction, spontaneous recovery, stimulus generalization, stimulus discrimination |
| What is the strengthening of a conditioned response achieved by pairing CS with UCS? | Acquisition |
| What are 2 things that must happen to make the acquisition process work? | pairing must be contiguous (close in time) and contingent (one must predict the other) |
| What are 4 acquisition pairing methods? | delay, trace, simultaneous, backward |
| What is the acquisition pairing method where you would ring the bell and give the food a little after while still ringing the bell? | delay |
| What is the acquisition pairing method where you would ring the bell, stop, and give the food? | trace |
| What is the acquisition pairing method where you would ring the bell and give the food at the same time? | simultaneous |
| What is the acquisition pairing method where you would give the food and then ring the bell? | backward |
| What is the weakening of a conditioned response achieved by breaking the pairing of CS with UCS? | extinction |
| What is the re-appearance of an extinguished conditioned response after a rest period? | spontaneous recovery |
| Why does spontaneous recovery occur? | acquisition learning decays more slowly than extinction learning |
| What is automatic extension of CR to a stimulus similar to the CS (Increased similarity causes increased CR)? | stimulus generalization |
| What is an example of stimulus generalization? | if bitten by a dog, fearing all dogs |
| What is learning to respond differently to stimuli that differ from the CS? | stimulus discrimination |
| What is an example of stimulus discrimination? | if never bitten by a calm dog, only fearing snarling dogs |
| What is the stage in a classical conditioning experiment during which the conditioned response is first elicited by the conditioned stimulus? | acquisition |
| What, in conditioning, is the weakening of a conditioned association in the absence of a reinforcer or unconditioned stimulus? | extinction |
| What is the reappearance of an extinguished conditioned response after a rest period? | spontaneous recovery |
| What is the automatic extension of conditioned responding to similar stimuli that have never been paired with the unconditioned stimulus? | stimulus generalization |
| What is a conditioning process in which an organism learns to respond differently to stimuli that differ from the conditioned stimulus on some dimension? | stimulus discrimination |
| Who is "The Father of American Behaviorism"? | John B. Watson |
| Who studied Little Albert and the rat? | John B. Watson |
| What is a biological constraint on learning in which an organism learns in one trial to avoid a food whose ingestion is followed by illness? | taste-averision learning |
| Who first documented taste-aversion learning in a lab? | John Garcia |
| What is learning in which the probability of a voluntary response is altered by a change in its consequences? | Operant conditioning |
| Who formulated the "Law of Effect"? | Edward Thorndike |
| What is the "Law of Effect"? | do something, something good happens = do it more; do something, something bad happens = do it less |
| What did Edward Thorndike do? | used "puzzle box" and placed food outside if it with a cat inside, cat reached for food, scratch and bite bars, accidentally hit lever, eat food, soon learned to go straight for lever and press it |
| What is a basic law of learning that states that the power of a stimulus to evoke a response is strengthened when the response is followed by a reward and weakened when it is not followed by a reward? | law of effect |
| What did B.F. Skinner do? | used "operant chamber" (refined the puzzle box so that you can't escape, but the box is linked up to a good outcome (food dispenser) or a bad outcome (electrical current through the floor), more efficient, can run multiple trials |
| Who developed operant conditioning principles? | B.F. Skinner |
| What is behavior emitted by an organism that can be characterized in terms of the observable effects it has on the environment? | operant |
| What is learning in which the probability of a response is changed by a change in its consequences? | operant conditioning |
| What is the relationship between responses and consequences? | contingencies |
| What is a contingency that makes behavior more likely? | reinforcement |
| What is primary reinforcement? | physiological rewards |
| What is secondary reinforcement? | anything associated with primary rewards |
| What is a consistent relationship between a response and the changes in the environment that it produces? | reinforcement contingency |
| What is giving (adding) something attractive to make a behavior more likely (reward)? | positive reinforcement |
| What is any stimulus that, when contingent on a response, increases the probability of that response? | reinforcer |
| What is a behavior that is followed by the presentation of an appetitive stimulus, increasing the probability of that behavior? | positive reinforcement |
| What is a behavior that is followed by the removal of an aversive stimulus, increasing the probability of that behavior? | negative reinforcement |
| What is a form of learning in which animals acquire a response that will allow them to escape from an aversive stimulus? | escape conditioning |
| What is a form of learning in which animals acquire responses that allow them to avoid aversive stimuli before they begin? | avoidance conditioning |
| What is it when a behavior no longer produces predictable consequences, its return to the level of occurrence it had before operant conditioning? | operant extinction |
| What is removing (taking away) something aversive to make behavior more likely? | negative reinforcement |
| What make behavior less likely? | punishment |
| What are primary punishments? | physiological punishments |
| What are secondary punishments? | anything associated with primary punishments |
| What is giving (adding) something aversive to make a behavior less likely? | positive punishment |
| What is removing (taking away) something attractive to make a behavior less likely? | negative punishment |
| What is any stimulus that, when made contingent on a response, decreases the probability of that response? | punisher |
| What is a behavior that is followed by the presentation of an aversive stimulus, decreasing the probability of that behavior? | positive punishment |
| What is a behavior that is followed by the removal of an appetitive stimulus, decreasing the probability of that behavior? | negative punishment |
| What is a stimulus that acts as a predictor of reinforcement, signaling when particular behaviors will result in positive reinforcement? | discriminative stimulus |
| What is the means by which organisms learn that, in the presence of some stimuli, but not others, their behavior is likely to have a particular affect on the environment? | three-term contingency |
| What are biologically determined reinforcers, such as food and water? | primary reinforcers |
| What, in classical conditioning, is a formally neutral stimulus that has become a reinforcer? | conditioned reinforcer |
| What are the rules under which reinforcements (or punishments) are delivered? | schedules |
| What is it called when the reinforcer is given every nth response? | fixed ration schedule |
| What is it called when the reinforcer is given on average every nth response? | variable-ration schedule |
| What is it called when the reinforcer is given on the first response after a set time? | fixed interval schedule |
| What is it called when the reinforcer is given on the first response after an average time? | variable-interval schedule |
| What, in operant conditioning, is a pattern of delivering and withholding reinforcement? | schedule of reinforcement |
| What is the behavioral principle that states that responses acquired under intermittent reinforcement are more difficult to extinguish than those acquired with continuous reinforcement? | partial reinforcement effect |
| What is a schedule of reinforcement in which a reinforcer is delivered for the first response made after a variable number of responses whose average is predetermined? | variable-ration schedule |
| What is a schedule of reinforcement in which a reinforcer is delivered for the first response made after a fixed number of responses? | fixed-ratio schedule |
| What is a schedule of reinforcement in which a reinforcer is delivered for the first response made after a fixed period of time? | fixed-interval schedule |
| What is a schedule of reinforcement in which a reinforcer is delivered for the first response made after a variable period of time whose average is predetermined? | variable-interval schedule |
| What is the phenomena that arise in operant conditioning? | processes |
| What are the 5 processes of operant conditioning? | acquisition, extinction, spontaneous recovery, stimulus generalization, stimulus discrimination |
| What is altering the frequency of a response? | acquisition |
| What is returning a response frequency to normal? | extinction |
| What is the re-appearance of acquisition after a rest period? | spontaneous recovery |
| What is automatically responding to similar situations? | stimulus generalization |
| What is learning not to respond in different situations? | stimulus discrimination |
| What is a behavioral method that reinforces responses that successively approximate and ultimately match the desired response? | shaping by successive approximations |
| What is the tendency for learned behavior to drift toward instinctual behavior over time? | instinctual drift |
| What is the study of the development of cognitive abilities across species and the continuity of ability fro nonhuman to human animals? | comparative cognition |
| What is a mental representation of physical space? | cognitive map |
| What is where an organism's actions are influence by the observation of others? | observational learning |
| What is the process of learning new responses by watching the behavior of another? | observational learning |
| What are the 4 processes that determine when a model's observed behavior will be must influential? | attention, retention, reproduction, motivation |
Created by:
kristen465