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PSY
Exam 2 (Chapter 6)
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| the process of transforming information into a form that can be stored in memory | Encoding |
| the process of keeping or maintain information in memory | Storage |
| the process of bringing to mind information that has been stored in memory | Retrieval |
| What are the three components of memory in Atkinson and Shiffrin's model? | Sensroy Memory, Short-term memory, and long-term memory |
| the memory system that holds information from the sense for a period ranging from only a fraction of a second to about 2 seconds | Sensory Memory |
| The component of the memory system that holds about seven (from five to nine) items for less than 30 seconds without rehearsal; also called working memory | Short-term Memory (STM) |
| the memory system with a virtually unlimited capacity that contains vast stores of a person’s permanent or relatively permanent memories | Long-term Memory (LTM) |
| a memory strategy that involves grouping or organizing bits of information into larger units, which are easier to remember | Chucking |
| easily identifiable unit, such as a syllable, a word, an acronym, or a number | Chuck |
| repeating information over and over again until it is no longer needed; may eventually lead to storage of information in long-term memory | Maintenance Rehearsal |
| a memory strategy that involves relating new information to something that is already known | Elaborative Rehearsal |
| the event that occurs when short-term memory is filled to capacity and each new, incoming item pushes out an existing item, which is then forgotten | Displacement |
| no known limits as to the storage capacity; Can be stored for years, even a lifetime | Long-term Memory |
| very limited capacity-about seven (plus or minus two) different items or bits of information; items are lost in less than 30 seconds | Short-term Memory |
| Virtually everything we see, hear or otherwise sense is help; each piece of information is stored only for the briefest period- pictures for a fraction of a second, sounds for about 2 seconds | Sensory Memory |
| the ability to retain the image of a visual stimulus for several minutes after it has been removed from view and to use this retained image to answer questions about the visual stimulus | Eidetic Imagery |
| What are the two main sub-systems within long-term memory? | Declarative and Nondeclarative memory |
| the subsystem within long-term memory that stores facts, information, and personal life events that can be brought to mind verbally or in the form of images and then declared or stated; also called explicit memory | Declarative Memory |
| the type of declarative memory that records events as they have been subjectively experienced | Episodic Memory |
| the type of declarative memory that stores general knowledge, or objective facts and information | Semantic Memory |
| the subsystem within long-term memory that stores motor skills, habits, and simple classically conditioned responses; also called implicit memory | Nondeclarative Memory |
| the finding that, for information learned in a sequence, recall is better for the beginning and ending items than for the middle items in the sequence | Serial Position Effect |
| Two sub-catagories within Serial Position Effect? | Primacy Effect and Recency Effect |
| the tendency to recall the first items in sa sequence more readily than the middle items | Primacy Effect |
| the tendency to recall the last items in a sequence more readily than those in the middle | Recency Effect |
| an account of an event that has been piece together from a few highlights | Reconstruction |
| the tendency to encode elements of the physical setting in which information is learned along with memory of the information itself | Context Effect |
| the tendency to recall information better if one is in the same pharmacological or psychological state as when the information was encoded | State-Dependent Memory Effect |
| memories for shocking, emotion-provoking events that include information about the source from which the information was acquired | Flashbulb Memories |
| How did Ebbinghaus' do research on forgetting? | Created 2,300 nonsense syllables and memorized the entire list. When he could repeat them all based off memory, he then waited a certain amount of time, then tried to repeat again...and couldn't remember them all. this determined the curve of forgetting |
| a cause of forgetting that occurs when information was never put into long-term memory | Encoding Failure |
| a psychological process in which traumatic memories are buried in the unconscious | Repression |
| the oldest theory of forgetting, which holds that memories, if not used, fade with time and ultimately disappear altogether | Decay |
| not remembering something one is certain of knowing | Retrieval Failure |
| a loss of memory for experiences that occurred shortly before a loss of consciousness | Retrograde Amnesia |
| the inability to form long-term memories of events occurring after a brain injury or brain surgery, although memories formed before the trauma are usually intact and short-term memory is unaffected | Anterograde Amnesia |
| The relative inability of older children and adults to recall events from the first few years of life | Infantile Amnesia |
| erroneous recollections of witnessed events that result from information learned after the fact | Misinformation Effect |
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