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Music Unit 3
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Most important Genre of the Baroque Era | (1600-1750) was Opera. Opera was a large scale musical drama combining poetry, scenery, singing and instrumental music. |
| 5 Principal Components of Opera | a)Overture-orchestral opening b)Arias-solo lyrical songs c)Recitatives-speech like declamations d)Choruses-ensemble numbers e)librettist-writes the text |
| Orfeo | 1607-first famous operas were written by Italian composer Monteverdi(the first great master of opera) |
| Dido and Aeneas | 1689-famous English opera by Purcell |
| Barbara Strozzi | composer& singer-wrote 8 books of vocal music |
| Cantatas (for church) | J.S. Bach-famous organist, composer in Northern Germany for the Lutheran church, wrote many cantatas-multi-movement works with solo arias,recitatives,& choruses w/ acc. A different cantata was required for each Sunday. |
| Cantatas Continued... | Bach's cantatas usually had 5-8 movements (1st, mid, last were choral) |
| Chorale | hymn tune associated with German Protestants, these hymns became written in 4 parts with melody in Soprano |
| Johann Sebastion Bach | (1685-1750)Main Baroque figure & music giant-wrote over 200 cantatas, 4 Passions, Mass in B minor, concertos, Keyboard books, songs including jesu, Joy of Man's Desiring, Toccata in D mine, Brandenburg Concertos, Wachet auf from Cantata No. 140 |
| Oratorios | Great Baroque vocal form-large musical work for solo voices, orchestra & chorus, based on a biblical story, no scenery or costumes or acting(usually had a narrator) |
| George Frideric Handel | (1685-1759)master of the oratorio, German-studied in Italy, wrote Italian operas, moved to England, wrote many orchestral suites, went to Dublin Ireland to compose the Messiah-most famous oratorio of all time-written(24 days) contains Hallelujah chorus |
| Baroque Instrumental Music | Became as important as vocal music for the first time due to improved instruments-First Virtuoso: Bach & Handel(Organ)Scarlatti & Couperin (Violin) |
| Baroque Suite | g)group of dances-same key: allemande, courante, sarabande, gigue(binary or ternary form) |
| Orchestral Suites | Two by Handel(Water Music & Royal Fireworks) July 1717-Handel's 50 musicians road on barges down the Thames River in London-played Water Music with 22 numbers to entertain the king 3 times |
| Jean-Baptiste Lully | France-to king Louis XIV-developed French stage works-comedy ballets & tragic operas |
| Rondeau-French form that led to rondo | 5 part structure with ritornello(repetitions of the opening theme). Jean-Joseph Mouret, a former musician for Lully, wrote familiar fanfare(Rondeau)which is heard for Masterpiece Theater on PBS. |
| Two types of concertos during the Baroque | The solo concerto and the concerto grosso |
| Solo Concerto | one instrument set against the orchestra |
| Concerto Grosso | A small group of soloists and ochestra |
| Antonio Vivaldi | "The Red Priest"(s1678-1741) taught at all-girls orphanage-play and perform orchestral instruments |
| Vivaldi | Master of the solo concerto-over 500 concertos including 230 violin concertos (the Four Seasons) |
| Vivaldi's The Four Seasons-Spring | is best known-contains a poem describing the joy of the season |
| Program Music | in The Four Seasons-each line of a poem is above a line of music, the music sounds like the works(like the earlier vocal word painting) if the work is "Bird", the instruments make bird sounds by using trills or rapid notes, the music mirrors the words |
| Bach and Late Baroque Concerto | Bach was commissioned by a nobleman from Brandenburg-wrote 6 pieces and sent the famous Brandenburg Concertos-capture the spirit of Concerto grosso with Instrument groups playing back and forth |
| Brandenburg Concertos | Unique for their day because of texture, instrumental colors(Timbre) |
| Baroque Trumpets | valveless-hard to play & control-many sizes made (smaller for higher pitches & larger for lower) |
| Most popular solo instrument in the Baroque | Keyboard |
| 3 main keyboard instruments | Organ, Harpsichord, and Clavichord |
| Organ | had a pure, transparent timbre, used multiple keyboards |
| Harpsichord | Strings were plucked by quills, no sustained sound, no difference in dynamics from pressure |
| Clavichord | The favorite instrument of the home-soft & gentle tone, metal tangent on strings |
| Piano | Came at the end of the 1700's replaced all 3 in popularity |
| Sonata | most widely used form of chamber music |
| 2 types of Sonatas | Chamber and Church |
| Chamber Sonata | a group of stylized dances |
| Church Sonata | Serious in style, more contrapuntal(2 or more melodic lines) 4 mvmts:slow-fast-slow-fast |
| Arcangelo Corelli | (1653-1713) Italian composer of Trio Sonatas (2 violins and a continuo) |
| Domenico Scarlatti | wrote 550 solo sonatas for harpsichord-helped lay foundation-modern piano technique |
| Prelude | a short keyboard study based on continuous expansion of a melodic or rhythmic figure |
| Fugue | a contrapuntal (conterpoint-2 melodies at the same time) composition with a SINGLE theme |
| Subject | Main theme of fugue-its the underlying idea of the web |
| Imitation | one voice or instrumental line enters, then another, fugues are based on imitation |
| Subject and Answer | The theme calls out-another voices answers |
| Augmentation | (to enlarge) one way to create a fugue by making one melody twice as slow |
| Diminution | (to make smaller) to make on voice faster will make the time of the melody shorter |
| Well-Tempered Clavier | Famous collection of preludes and fugues written by Bach, published in 2 volumes 20 years apart, first volume in 1722. It demonstrate that the new system of equal temperament in tuning keyboard instruments. |
| Well-Tempered Clavier Continued... | Bach wanted musicians to be able to play equally well in ALL 24 Major and Minor keys |
| The Art of Fugue | Bach;s last collection of contrapuntal mastery-a collection of 14 fugues and canons that explore the wizardry and difficulty of fugal devices. Very hard to play, studied by many in awe. |
| Rococo Era | "Rococo" means "A shell-such as a decorative shell"-mid 1700's-composers began to shed the complex polyphonic style of the late Baroque master in favor of more direct & natural expression |
| Francois Couperin | (1668-1733) to charm, delight and entertain-greatest composer of the French Keyboard school |
| Jean-Philippe Rameau | (1683-1764) foremost French Composer-wrote Treatise of Harmony-tried to establish a rational foundation for the harmonic practice of the time-laid the foundation for our modern music theory |
| The Beggar's Opera | by John Gray (1685-1732) a satirical play with folk songs and popular tunes, sounded the death bell of serious opera in England and prepared the way for racy tunes, pop songs, and dances in England |
| The Beggar's Opera Continued... | while the "War of the Buffoons" in France erupted between those who favored the serious opera of the French court and the middle class that preferred the new Italian Comic Opera called Opera Buffa. |
Created by:
Mheath27