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ENVR1 - Mid Term
Chapter 3
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Anthropogenic air pollution has been present ever since humans have attempted to satisfy? | Basic needs |
| The cause of air pollution is due to human seeking ways to? | Manipulate the environment |
| Pre-Industrial Revolution air pollution events occur on which scale, and consist of what types of air pollution? | Local scale/smoke and fumes |
| Post Industrial Revolution, air pollution expanded on what scale, and increased in which manners? | Entire metropolitan spaces/increased in frequency and complexity |
| How were owners of industry encouraged to handle their air pollution? | Dilution of contaminants into larger airspace, away from emission source |
| In the last 20 years, which regulations illustrate the dramatic change in perspective concerning air pollution? | Reg. 308, Reg. 419 |
| List seven natural sources of air pollution? | Windblown dust; volcanic ash/gases; esters and terpenes from vegetation; smoke, gases and fly ash from forest fires; pollens and other allergens; gases and odors from natural decomposition (methane and swaps); natural radioactivity (granite in Bancroft) |
| This legislation, although a great improvement, is considered as weak and poor on handling of emissions? | Reg 308 |
| This legislation is more recent and a significant improvement of the last legislation in place to manage air pollution? | Reg 419 |
| Which types of improvements were seen in Reg 419? | Stacks improved, and a requirement for new ECAs |
| This source of air pollution constitutes background pollution, and it is that portion of the pollution problem over which control activities can have little or no effect? | Natural air pollution |
| The five main classes of anthropogenic pollutants are identified as? | Particulates, carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons, nitrogen oxides and sulfur oxides |
| The five main classes of anthropogenic pollutants are responsible for which global environmental problems? | Acid rain, global warming, ozone depletion, greenhouse effect |
| The main activities from which the five main classes of anthropogenic pollutants originate can be reduced to three forms of contaminating processes. What are they? | Combustion, vaporization, mechanical attrition |
| This air contaminating process produces smoke, gases and water vapor, which are contaminants that are typical for all cities? | Combustion |
| Pollution from combustion can be mitigated by applying five of the following practices? | Improved design of combustion devices; cleaner fuels; automatic optimization of combustion process; adhere to maintenance schedule; install pollution control equipment |
| What are two ways to improve combustion devices? | Lots of oxygen and high temperatures |
| The three ways to optimize the combustion process includes? | Time, temperature, turbulence (the three T’s of combustion) |
| This air contaminating process produces a byproduct from a large variety of chemical manufacturing processes? | Vaporization, or volatilization |
| This air contaminating process induces physical changes in substances through the application of heat and pressure, thereby causing some component materials to be released into the atmosphere? | Vaporization |
| Volatilization is another word for? | Evaporation |
| The evaporation of volatile materials at normal atmospheric temperatures and pressure, is the result of this air contaminating process? | Vaporization |
| The main sources of vapors are (two examples)? | Gasoline and fuel oil; organic solvent usage |
| This result of the air contaminating process of vaporization involves induced temperatures? | Fuming |
| List three examples of the common constituents of fumes? | Metals, metallic oxides and chlorides |
| List three examples of the common particulates caused by fuming? | Fly ash, Carbon, and mechanically produced dust |
| It is a gas that is a common constituent of air pollution, and it is also produced by fuming? | Sulfur dioxide |
| The product of vaporization that is the result of natural processes? | Decomposition of organic materials (CH4) |
| Vaporization includes these three sources of pollution? | Evaporation of volatile materials; fuming; decomposition of organic materials |
| This contaminating process consists of crushing, grinding, drilling, demolishing, mixing, batching, blending, sweeping, etc.? | Mechanical attrition |
| The activities which directly or indirectly disperse particulates such as dust and mist into the atmosphere are a product of? | Mechanical attrition |
| This contaminating process consists of spraying and atomization of materials? | Mechanical attrition |
| This pollutant is produced from virtually every human activity as well as from the natural environment? | Dust |
| This contaminant may be in solution or in suspension? | Mist droplets |
| Airborne contaminants are typically found in three states? | Aerosols and particulates; organic gases; inorganic gases |
| It is any dispersed matter, solid or liquid, in which the individual aggregates are larger than a single molecule, but smaller than about 500 µm in diameter? | Particle (particulate matter) |
| It is usually comprised of particles which range in size from 10 µm to less than 0.01 µm? | Aerosols |
| This airborne contaminant is smaller than 500 µm but larger than 10 µm? | Particulate matter |
| A majority of this airborne contaminant is considered to be less than 1 µm in diameter? | Aerosols |
| This airborne particulate is considered as similar to colloids in water? | Aerosols |
| This airborne particulate is smaller than viruses and bacteria? | Aerosols at 1 µm in diameter |
| Particulates are responsible for two basic types of air pollution, these are? | Deposition and adhesion |
| These two basic types of air pollution problems are a common cause of property damage? | Deposition and adhesion |
| This common emission is described as unburned carbonaceous particulates of mostly 1 µm in diameter? | Smoke |
| This colour of smoke may indicate insufficient air or inadequate mixing of the fuel and air? | Gray or black smoke |
| This colour of smoke usually results when combustion is cooled by excess draft or excessive moisture? | White smoke |
| This colour of smoke may result from burning semi-solid tarry substances such as asphalt or tarpaper without adequate temperature and mixing? | Brown or yellow smoke |
| This colour of smoke is an indication of unburned hydrocarbons due to insufficient air? | Blue smoke |
| This colour of smoke is often associated with the burning of domestic trash, containing paper and or wood products? | Blue smoke |
| What is the legal threshold of visible emissions offenses? | 20% opacity for a period of time |
| It is the gaseous phase of a substance which at ambient temperature and pressure is a liquid or solid? | Vapour |
| These are the solid particles less than 1 µm in diameter that are formed as vapours condense, or as chemical reactions take place? | Fumes |
| This type of contaminant is emitted by industrial processes such as metal smelting and refining, distillation and removal of solid impurities, etc.? | Fumes |
| This type of contaminant consists of liquid particles up to 100 µm in diameter? | Mist |
| This type of contaminant is released from industrial operations such as spraying and impregnating, or formed by condensation of vapours? | Mist |
| It is a non-coherent state of aggregate matter of freely moving molecules tending to expand infinitely and to diffuse and mix readily with other substances? | Gas |
| This type of contaminant consists entirely of compounds of carbon and hydrogen and their derivatives? | Organic gases |
| Olefins, paraffins, aromatics, and other hydrocarbon derivatives are categorized as which type of contaminant? | Organic gases |
| The most important source of emissions of hydrocarbons is the use of which substance, and for what activity? | Gasoline for the operation of motor vehicles |
| It is the source that accounts for the major part of the total emission in heavily populated areas? | Gasoline and hydrocarbons |
| A group of unsaturated hydrocarbons that take part in photochemical reactions with nitrogen oxide, and several other classes of compounds? | Olefins |
| This group of hydrocarbons contains a number of compounds that are known carcinogens? | Aromatics |
| The process that releases carcinogens from hydrocarbons and organic materials? | Incomplete combustion |
| These pollutants emitted to the atmosphere result from solvent usage (paint), degreasing agents, dry cleaning, and other industrial and commercial processes? | Hydrocarbon derivatives |
| Aldahydes, keytones, alcohols, organic acids and chlorinated hydrocarbons are categorized as which type of pollutants? | Hydrocarbon derivatives |
| This type of contaminant includes oxides of nitrogen, oxides of sulfur, carbon monoxide and much smaller quantities of ammonia, hydrogen sulfide and chlorine? | Inorganic gases |
| The principal source of this type of contaminant is the combustion of fuels for industrial, commercial and domestic uses; for transportation; for space heating; and for generation of power? | Inorganic gases |
| This inorganic gas is formed due to the intense heat of any combustion process? | Nitric oxide |
| This inorganic gas is colorless and somewhat toxic? | Nitric oxide |
| This inorganic contaminant is a toxic, yellow-brown, odorous gas which is formed through any combustion process or photochemical action in the atmosphere? | Nitrogen dioxide |
| This inorganic gas reacts with raindrops or water vapour to form nitric acid, one of the ingredients of acid rain? | Nitrogen dioxide |
| This inorganic contaminant is a compound that is comprised of either two oxygen atoms or three oxygen atoms? | Oxides of sulfur |
| This inorganic contaminant is a heavy, pungent, colorless gas which is formed during the combustion of fuels? | Sulfur dioxide |
| This inorganic contaminant is easily dissolved into water or water vapour, then reacts with additional oxygen to form a common atmospheric acidic compound? | Sulfur dioxide |
| Sulfur dioxide reacts with water or water vapour to become ___, then slowly reacts with oxygen in the air to form ___ which ultimately forms ___? | Sulfurous acid (three oxygen atoms)/sulfuric acid (four oxygen atoms)/acid rain |
| This inorganic gas, once processed in the atmosphere to take on other forms or become different compounds, causes damage to vegetation; i.e. irritation; respiratory system irritation; etc.? | Sulfur dioxide |
| This inorganic contaminant may appear as a white solid aerosol, a colorless liquid or a gas, depending on atmospheric conditions? | Sulfur trioxide |
| These two inorganic compounds can combine with particles of soot and other aerosols to produce contaminants more toxic than either one alone? | Sulfur dioxide and sulfur trioxide |
| This inorganic gas is a colorless, odorless, very toxic gas which is water insoluble? | Carbon monoxide |
| Carbon monoxide is formed from what process, and from which source material? | Incomplete combustion/any carbonaceous fuel |
| The main source of carbon monoxide is emitted by what, and where? | Vehicles in metropolitan areas |
| The three main miscellaneous inorganic gases include? | Ammonia, hydrogen sulfide, fluorine or fluorides |
| These inorganic gases are normally detected in trace quantities in the atmosphere, but are all toxic in small to moderate concentrations? | Miscellaneous inorganic gases (ammonia, hydrogen sulfide, fluorine/fluoride) |
| These problems caused by air pollution may be divided into two main categories according to their physical and chemical properties? | Liquid particulates and solid particles |
| The two main categories of liquid particles caused by local air pollution problems are? | Stains and spots |
| It causes some form of permanent damage to property and usually caused by acid and caustic mists? | Stains caused by liquid particulates (air pollution deposits) |
| It is caused by paints, oil, greases or other materials which adhere to surfaces without necessarily damaging them and which can be removed? | Spots caused by liquid particulates (air pollution deposits) |
| It is an air pollution deposit which causes property damage from the interaction between air contaminants and the surfaces or surface coatings of materials? | Stains caused by liquid particulates |
| This air pollution deposit causes pitting, encrustation, etching, buckling and corrosion, or other forms of deterioration? | Stains caused by liquid particulates |
| This environmental condition, concerning staining, increases the rate of corrosion as well as influencing mist production? | Humidity |
| These are formed from air pollutants induced by sunlight through photochemical reactions and catalytic reactions? | Oxidants that cause staining (air pollution deposits) |
| This air pollution deposit is usually caused by mist droplets which deposit in a liquid state and adhere to surfaces? | Spots |
| Mist droplets that cause spots typically fall out of suspension within ___, but may travel as far as ___? | 50 to 100 m/1 km |
| These are fine materials which are considered as airborne deposits that settle out of the atmosphere? | Solid particles (air pollution deposits) |
| These airborne deposits are substantially in excess of 1 µm, and have a relatively fast settling rate? | Solid particles (air pollution deposits) |
| These airborne deposits usually cause the littering and soiling of property, and complaints include the time and expense required to keep the property free of them? | Solid particles (airborne deposits) |
| List the three most important and common acid mists? | Chromic acid, sulfuric acid, and hydrofluoric acid |
| The emission of the three most important and common acid mists is typically caused by? | Accidents or equipment failure |
| The principal caustics are? | Sodium carbonate and sodium hydroxide |
| It is also known as soda ash? | Sodium carbonate |
| It is considered as the most significant caustic because it attacks the skin, and is very soluble? | Sodium hydroxide (caustic soda) |
Created by:
ctherria