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Rad Protection
Ch. 1-4
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| _____________ ____________ has both a beneficial and destructive potential: | Ionizing radiation |
| __________ tissue can be injured by ionizing radiation, therefore it is necessary to protect humans against _________: | Normal biologic tissue, significant and continuous exposure |
| _______ are a form of ionizing radiation, therefore there use in medicine requires _______ _______: | X-rays, protective measures |
| Effective radiation protection measures are employed to protect ___________, ___________ and ____________: | patients, personnel, general public |
| Radiation exposure should always be kept ________: | Alara |
| Who is responsible for justifying the need for every radiation procedure: | Physician |
| Imaging facilities should always have an ____________ that provides patient protection and patient education: | Effective radiation safety program |
| _________ is used to compare the amount of radiation a person receives from a radiologic procedure with natural background radiation received over a specific time: | BERT, Background equivalent radiation time |
| Ionizing radiation produces __________ that can cause biologic damage on molecular, cellular and organic levels in humans: | Electrically charged particles (Ions) |
| ___________ is a radiation quantity used for radiation protection purposes when a person receives exposure from various types of ionizing radiation: | Eqd (Equivalent dose) |
| _______ takes into account the dose for all types of ionizing radiation to irradiated organs or tissues in the human body: | Efd (effective dose) |
| _____ enables the calculation of Efd: | Eqd |
| Which two dose limits are expressed as EfD: | Occupational and non-occupational |
| EqD and EfD are expressed in which units of measurement: | Sv & rem |
| Sources of radiation may be ______ or __________: | Natural or man-made |
| __________ sources of radiation include radioactive materials in the earth, cosmic rays, internal radiation from radionuclides deposited in humans through natural process or terrestrial radiation from envirnoment: | Natural |
| ________ sources include consumer products, air travel, nuclear fuel/weapons, atmospheric fallout, power plant accidents and medical radiation: | Man-made |
| _________ ________ may result in the patient from absorption of x-ray energy: | Biologic damage |
| Variations in ____________ of various body structures make radiographic imaging human anatomy possible: | X-ray absorption properties |
| ________ results when, through the process of absorption and scatter, the intensity of the primary photons in an x-ray beam decrease as it passes through matter: | Attenuation |
| __________ can result in decreased contrast of the image by adding additional, undesirable gray densities (fog) or in fluor, compton scatter photons may expose staff to scatter radiation: | Scattered radiation |
| The amount of energy absorbed by the patient per unit mass is called the _____________: | Absorbed dose |
| Two interactions of x-radiation that are important in diagnostic radiography: | Pe and compton |
| The _____ effect is the basis of radiographic imaging, while _______ is its bane: | PE, compton |
| Using higher kVp does ______ to patient dose and _______ to image quality: | Reduces, reduces |
| ________ selection is usually based on type of procedure and body part being imaged: | kVp |
| Radiographers must balance what factors to provide acceptable images while staying within the standards of radiation protection: | type of equipment, patient thickness and degree of muscle tissue |
| ___________ scattering is most likely to occur below 10 keV and is not considered very useful in diagnostic imaging: | Coherent |
| PE interactions are more likely to occur at what energy ranges in diagnostic imaging: | lower energy ranges (kVp) |
| Radiation units of measurement can be expressed in which two systems: | International (SI) or Traditional |
| Which two units of measurement are used to express air only: | Roentgen or C/kg |
| Which two units of measurement are used to express absorbed dose: | Gy or rad |
| EqD and EfD are expressed in which two units of measurement: | rem or Sv |
| ______ & ______ are the quantities of choice fro measuring biologic effects when all types of radiation must be considered: | EfD & EqD |
| ________ describes the way the same effective amount of damage can be attained by giving different equivalent doses of different equivalent doses to different organs: | EfD |
| _____ specifies how biologic damage from different types and doses of radiation will be equivalent if correct weighting factors are included: | EqD |
| _______ is used when calculating group or population radiation exposure from low doses of different sources of ionizing radiation: | ColEfD |
| Formula used to caluclate EqD: | EqD= D x Wr |
| Formula used to calculate effective dose: | EfD= D x Wr x Wt |
| Exposure is measured in ______ & ______ and is used to measure ________: | R & C/kg, ionization of air |
| Absorbed dose is measured in _____ & _____ and measures __________: | Rad & Gy, amt of energy per unit mass absorbed by object |
| EqD and EfD are measured in ______ & _____ and measure ________ _________: | Rem & Sv, biologic effects |
| Personnel monitoring ensures that occupational exposure levels are kept well below the __________ ________ _______: | Annual effective dose limits (EfD) |
| Monitoring is required when radiation workers are likely to risk receiving ________ or more of the annual occupational EfD limit in any 1 year. | 10% |
| Most healthcare facilities issue a monitor to all employees who may likely be exposed to as little as ___ % of the annual occupational limit: | 1% |
| Ring badges are considered _____: | TLDs |
| The type of badges we wear are considered ______: | OSL monitors |
| ________ are required to maintain a record of exposure by personnel dosimeters as part of each radiaiton workers employment record: | Healthcare facilities |
| __________ must be portable, durable and cost efficient: | Personnel dosimeters |
| List the four types of personnel monitoring devices: | -Film nadges -Optically stimulated luminescence dosimeters -Pocket ionization chambers -TLDs |
| Personnel monitoring must meet _______ & __________ regulations: | State & Federal |
| The ____ in health care facilities receives, reviews and monitors reports to assess compliance with ALARA guidelines: | RSO |
| Monitoring reports list the _______, _______ and _________ occupational exposure of each person wearing a monitor: | Deep, eye and shallow |
| Area monitoring is accomplished by the use of __________: | Radiation survey instruments |
| A simple detection system is the use of what device and can detect only the presence of absence of radiation: | Geiger meter |
| A dosimeter system, which uses _________ & _______ can indicate both cumulative radiation intensity and intensity rates: | Geiger meter and dosimeter |
| Radiation survey equipment can not be affected by the _______ of radiation or the _______ of the incident radiation: | Energy or direction |
| List three types of gas-filled radiation survey equipment: | GM meter, ionization chamber type-cutie pie and proportional counter |
| Radiographic and fluoro units can be calibrated with ________ _________: | Ionization chambers |
| ________ _______ defines effective measures employed by radiation workers to safeguard patients, personnel and general public from unnecessary radiation exposure: | Radiation protection |
| Alara is synonymous with ______: | ORP (Optimization of Radiation Protection) |
| ESE, bone marrow dose or gonadal dose can be used to indicate the amount of __________: | Radiation received |
| The EPA considers the second leading cause of lung cancer to come from _________: | Radon exposure |
| What disease continues to be the main adverse effect from the 1986 Chernobyl plant accident: | Thyroid cancer |
| Radiation damage to generations that are yet born is ___________: | Genetic damage |
| Ionization in human cells can create _________: | -Unstable atoms -free electron -low energy x-ray photons -new biological molecules -injury or destruction of cell |
| _______ _______ is the degree to which the study accurately reveals the presence or absence of pathology: | Diagnostic efficacy |
| Blood changes can occur to whole body dose equivalent of ____ rem or ____ Sv: | 25 rem or .25 Sv |
| The average annual background radiation exposure dose in the U.S. is _____: | 360 mrem |
| List elements considered terrestrial radiation: | -Radon -Radium-226 -Thorium-232 -Uranium-238 |
| The limit of Radon exposure that is considered safe by the EPA: | 4 picocuries per liter of air |
| The skin dose for a chest exam: | 10-25 mR |
| The unit used to measure gonadal or bone marrow dose: | mrad |
Created by:
akhernandez19