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PSYC 111
Chapter 1: Psychology and Life
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is the scientific study of behavior of individuals and their mental processes? | psychology |
| What is psychology? | the SCIENTIFIC STUDY of the BEHAVIOR of individuals and their MENTAL PROCESSES |
| What is a set of procedures used for gathering and interpreting information, and making dependable generalizations? | scientific study |
| What is an example of a scientific study? | IQ Tests |
| What is the observable actions of an organism within a given environment? | behavior |
| What is a scientific study? | a set of procedures used for gathering and interpreting information, and making dependable generalizations |
| What is behavior? | the observable actions of an organism within a given environment |
| What are 2 examples of behavior? | posture, expression |
| What is the internal workings of the human mind? | mental process |
| What is mental process? | the internal workings of the human mind |
| What are 3 examples of a mental process? | thinking, reasoning, planning |
| Why should you study psychology? | psychological research has crucial applications to important everyday issues such as your physical and mental health, ability to form relationships, and capacity to learn |
| What is the foremost goal of our textbook? | highlight the personal and social significance of psychological expertise. |
| What is the challenge of introductory psychology? | to make the products of scientific research relevant to questions that matter to you |
| What is the fundamental question psychologists seek answers from? | What is human nature? |
| What subject do psychologists analyze most often? | the individual |
| Where/how does much human activity take place? | private internal events |
| What is the difference between psychology, sociology and anthropology? | psychologists focus on behavior of individuals in various settings and sociologists study social behavior of groups or institutions, and anthropologists focus on broader context of behavior of different cultures |
| What are the three areas of the social sciences? | psychology, sociology, and anthropology |
| What part of biological science do psychologists share interests with? | brain processes and the biochemical bases of behavior |
| What part of cognitive science do psychologists share interests with? | how the human mind works related to research and theory in computer science, philosophy, linguistics and neuroscience |
| What part of health science do psychologists share interests with? | links to medicine, education, law, and environmental studies to improve the quality of each individual's and the collective's well-being |
| What are the 4 goals (aims) of psychology? | description, explanation, prediction, and control of behavior |
| What does the descriptive goal of psychology do? | making accurate observations provides us with data to analyze |
| what does making accurate observations by describing them do? | gives us data to analyze |
| What does the explanation goal of psychology do? | account for the cause of behavior. |
| What does the prediction goal of psychology do? | forecasts future behavior |
| True/False: Science believes in causality. | true |
| If we understand how events are related, we can ____ (and test) what will happen. | predict |
| What does the control of behavior goal of psychology do? | influences future behavior |
| When we have a clear understanding of phenomenon we can offer _____. | interventions |
| What is the first task in psychology? | make accurate observations about behavior (describe) |
| Observations are often referred to as what? | data |
| What are observational reports about behavior of organisms and the conditions under which the behavior occurs or changes? | behavioral data |
| Psychologists strive to describe behavior _____, which means... | objectively--> collecting the facts as they exist, and not how the researcher expects or hopes them to be. |
| Every observer brings to each observation his or her ____ point of view, which means... | subjective-->biases, prejudices, and expectations |
| Whereas descriptions must stick to perceivable information, _____ deliberately go beyond what can be observed. | explanations |
| In many areas of psychology, the central goal is to find ___ ___ in behavioral and mental processes. | regular patterns |
| Explanations in psychology usually recognize that most behavior is influenced by a ____ of factors. | combination |
| When psychologists seek to explain behavior, they almost always consider both ____ and ___ factors. | internal and external |
| Researchers must creatively _____ little bits of information from scraps of evidence. | synthesize |
| What are statements about the likelihood that a certain behavior will occur or that a given relationship will be found? | predictions |
| Observations must be made ___. | objectively |
| What is the central, most powerful goal for many psychologists? | control |
| What is making behavior happen or not happen - starting it, maintaining it, stopping it, and influencing its form, strength, or rate of occurrence? | control |
| Why is the ability to control behavior important? | it gives psychologists ways of helping people improve the quality of their lives. |
| What are things psychologists devise to help people gain control over problematic aspects of their lives? | interventions |
| What is the simple principle at the core of historical review of the history of psychology? | ideas matter. |
| Psychology has a very long ___ but a very short ___. | past; history --> the ideas have been around for many years, but the ability to study psychology with science hasn't been around very long |
| Who came up with the idea of Devine insight? | Socrates |
| Who came up with the idea of reasoning? | Plato |
| Who came up with the idea of experience (empiricism)? | John Locke |
| Who came up with the idea of innate ability (nativism)? | Immanuel Kant |
| What did Socrates come up with? | devine insight |
| What did Plato come up with? | reasoning |
| What did John Locke come up with? | experience (empiricism) |
| What did Immanuel Kant come up with? | Innate ability (nativism) |
| What is the term for being born with it? | nativism |
| What did Gustav Fechner come up with and what is the name of his study? | what is your experience with the object --> "Elements of Psychophysics" |
| Who came up with the idea of what your experience is with the object? and wrote "Elements of Psychophysics?" | Gustav Fechner |
| Where did Wilhelm Wundt study? | Psychological Laboratory University of Leipzig |
| Who founded the first Psychological Laboratory University of Leipzig, Germany? | Wilhelm Wundt |
| Where did G. Stanley Hall study? | Psychological Laboratory John Hopkins University |
| What are the 3 foundations of Psychology? | structuralism, gestaltism, and functionalism |
| What is structuralism? | the "what" of mental content (understanding experience by studying the components of that experience) |
| Who was one of the important psychologists who studied structuralism at Cornell Psychological Laboratory? | Edward Titchener |
| Where did Edward Titchener study? | Cornell Psychological Laboratory |
| What are some examples of structuralism? | increased heart beat, upset stomach, increased breathing rate, perspiration while experiencing an emotion |
| What is gestaltism? | the "entirety" of mental content (the mind understands things as "wholes" (Gestalts) not as individual parts) |
| Who was the main psychologist who worked with gestaltism? | Max Wertheimer |
| What did Max Wertheimer write? | Journal "Psychological Research" |
| Who wrote Journal "Psychological Research"? | Max Wertheimer |
| What is Functionalism? | the "why" of mental content (understanding experience by considering the purpose of that experience) (understanding the purpose of emotion to prepare you for the reaction) |
| Who was the main psychologist who studied functionalism? | William James |
| Who was William James? | Professor of Psychology at Harvard University |
| Who was a professor of Psychology at Harvard University? | William James |
| Who was one of the first experimental psychologists who wrote "Psychology has a long past, but only a short history"? | Hermann Ebbinghaus |
| Who were the 2 Greek philosophers who asked important questions such as: "How does the mind work?" "What is the nature of free will?" " What is the relationship of individual citizens to their community or state?" | Plato and Aristotle |
| What is the view of the world where people begin life where the mind as a blank tablet and the mind acquires information through experiences in the world? | empiricist view |
| What is the empiricist view? | people begin life with their mind as a blank tablet and their mind acquires information through experiences in the world |
| What is the nativist view? | people begin life with mental structures that provide constraints on how they experience the world. (born with it) |
| What is the view that people begin life with mental structures that provide constraints on how they experience the world? | nativist view |
| Who proposed that the human body is an "animal machine" that can be understood scientifically by discovering natural laws through empirical observation? | René Descartes |
| What did René Descartes propose? | the human body is an "animal machine" that can be understood scientifically by discovering natural laws though empirical observation |
| Who founded the first experimental psychology laboratory? | Wilhelm Wundt |
| What did Wilhelm Wundt write? | Principles of Physiological Psychology |
| Where was the first psychology laboratory in North America? | John Hopkins University |
| Who was one of the first psychologists in the United States? | Edward Titchener |
| What did Edward Titchener found? | Cornell University |
| Who wrote The Principles of Psychology (many experts consider it to be the most important psychology text ever written)? | William James |
| What did William James write? | The Principles of Psychology (many experts consider it to be the most important psychology test ever written) |
| Who founded the American Psychological Association? | G. Stanley Hall |
| What did G. Stanley Hall found? | the American Psychological Association |
| What is the study of the structure of mind and behavior; the view that all human mental experiences can be understood as a combination of simple elements or events? | structuralism |
| What is structuralism? | the study of the basic structural components of mind and behavior |
| What is the individuals' systematic examination of their own thoughts and feelings? | introspection |
| What is introspection? | the systematic examination by individuals of their own thoughts and feelings about specific sensory experiences |
| What are organized wholes? | gestalts |
| What psychologist came up with Gestalt psychology? | Max Wertheimer |
| What is a school of psychology that maintains that psychological phenomena can be understood only when viewed as organized, structured wholes, not when broken down into primitive perceptual elements? | Gestalt psychology |
| William James and Edward Titchener both agreed that ___ was central to the study of psychology. | consciousness |
| What is the perspective on mind and behavior that focuses on the examination of their functions in an organisms's interactions with the environment? | functionalism |
| What was William James's approach to psychology? | functionalism |
| What is the key question for functionalists? | What is the function or purpose of any behavioral act? |
| Who had concern for practical uses of mental processes that led to important advances in education? | John Dewey |
| John Dewey's theorizing provided input for what? | progressive education |
| What is progressive education? | learning by doing |
| Do modern psychologists use structuralism or functionalism? | both! |
| What woman studied with William James at Harvard University? | Mary Whiton Calkins |
| Who did Mary Whiton Calkins study with? | William James |
| Who was only a guest graduate student at Harvard and completed all of the requirements for a PhD with an exceptional record but didn't get PhD because she was a woman and invented important techniques for studying memory? | Mary Whiton Calkins |
| Who became the first woman president of the American Psychological Association in 1905? | Mary Whiton Calkins |
| Who became the first woman to receive a PhD in psychology? | Margaret Floy Washburn |
| Where did Margaret Flow Washburn graduate with a PhD from? | Cornell University |
| Who wrote The Animal Mind? | Margaret Flow Washburn |
| What did Margaret Flow Washburn write and what did it look at? | The Animal Mind --> perception, learning and memory across animal species |
| Who became the second woman president of the American Psychological Association? | Margaret Floy Washburn |
| Who accomplished some of the earliest research that examined differences between the sexes? | Helen Thompson Wooley |
| Who received a PhD at the University of Chicago? | Helen Thompson Wooley |
| Where did Helen Thompson Wooley receive her PhD? | University of Chicago |
| Who invented a curriculum to help nurture the talents of gifted children and implemented them in school settings in NYC? | Leta Stetter Hollingworth |
| In modern psychology, who has received more PhDs, men or women? | women |
| What are the 7 perspectives of psychology? | Biological Perspective, Behavioral Perspective, Humanistic Perspective, Cognitive Perspective, Evolutionary Perspective, Socio-cultural Perspective, and Psychodynamic Perspective |
| What is the psychological perspective where all behavior can be explained by underlying PHYSICAL structures and biological processes? | biological perspective |
| What are the different physical parts of the biological perspective? | genetics, the brain, the nervous system, and the endocrine system |
| Where does the biological perspective take place? | individual biology |
| How is the biological perspective tested? | genetic sequencing, brain imaging, blood analysis, etc. |
| What is a multidisciplinary field that attempts to understand the brain processes that underlie behavior? | behavioral neuroscience |
| What is the approach to identifying causes of behavior that focuses on the functioning of genes, the brain, the nervous system and the endocrine system? | biological perspective. |
| What is the study of brain function? | neuroscience |
| What are some examples of what behavior neuroscience attempts to understand? | sensation, learning, emotion, etc. |
| What is a multidisciplinary field that attempts to understand the brain processes that underlie higher cognitive functions in humans? | cognitive neuroscience |
| What is cognitive neuroscience? | it trains a multidisciplinary research focus on the brain bases of higher cognitive functions such as memory and language. |
| What is an example of using the Biological Perspective? | Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) |
| What is the perspective where behavior can be explained by environmental conditions and the consequences of behavior? | behavioral perspective |
| What are the basic factors of Behavioral Perspective? | stimuli, responses, rewards, and consequences |
| Where is the behavioral perspective studied? | objectively observable behavior |
| How is behavioral perspective studied? | rigorous experimentation |
| Who pioneered the Behavioral Perspective? | John Watson |
| What is an example of the behavioral perspective? | operant conditioning |
| What is the psychological perspective primarily concerned with observable behavior that can be objectively recorded and with the relationships of observable behavior to environmental stimuli? | behavioral perspective |
| Those who study the behaviorist perspective seek to understand what? | how particular environmental stimuli control particular kinds of behavior |
| Who expanded the behavioral perspective to analyses of the consequences of behaviors? | B.F. Skinner |
| What is a scientific approach that limits the study of psychology to measurable or observable behavior? | behaviorism |
| What is the perspective where behavior can be explained by people's attempts to use their unique abilities to satisfy innate needs? | humanistic perspective |
| What do we study in the humanistic perspective? | the choices that people make and the reasons that they make them |
| Where do we study the humanistic perspective? | life histories |
| How do we study the humanistic perspective? | interview and discussion |
| What is a psychological model that emphasizes an individual's phenomenal world and inherent capacity for making rational choices and developing to maximum potential? | humanistic perspective |
| What does the humanistic perspective say? | people are neither driven by the powerful, instinctive forces nor manipulated by their environments; instead they are active creative creatures who are innately good and capable of choice |
| Who emphasized that individuals have a natural tendency toward psychological growth and health aided by those who surround them (humanistic perspective)? | Car Rogers |
| Who came up with the term self-actualization? | Abraham Maslow |
| What is self-actualization? | each individual's drive toward the fullest development of his or her potential. |
| What is the perspective that behavior can be explained by the way in which people think? | cognitive perspective |
| What do we study in cognitive perspective? | higher cognitive processes (memory, decision-making, language) |
| Where do we study the cognitive perspective? | behavior patterns |
| How do we study the cognitive perspective? | assess task performance |
| What is the perspective on psychology that stresses human thought and the processes of knowing, such as attending, thinking, remembering, expecting, solving problems, fantasizing, and consciousness? | cognitive perspective |
| Who said that even children are able to produce utterances that fall outside the bounds of their previous experience helping cognitive perspective? | Noam Chomsky |
| Who used as series of mental tasks to demonstrate qualitative changes over the course of cognitive development and made reference to children's inner cognitive states? | Jean Piaget |
| What is the perspective that behavior can be explained by natural selection? | Evolutionary Perspective |
| What do we study with evolutionary perspective? | current abilities and past conditions |
| Where do we study the evolutionary perspective? | contemporary data and archeological sources |
| How do we study the evolutionary perspective? | imagining the adaptive problems of the past, and inferring how the solutions to these problems effect behavior today |
| What is an example of evolutionary perspective? | language |
| What is the approach to psychology that stresses the importance of behavioral and mental adaptiveness, based on the assumption that mental capabilities evolved over millions of years to serve particular adaptive purposes? | evolutionary perspective |
| What does the evolutionary perspective seek to connect? | contemporary psychology to a central idea of the life sciences (theory of evolution) |
| What is natural selection? | organisms that are better suited to their environments are more apt to survive and produce more offspring than organisms with poorer adaptations |
| What is the perspective that behavior can be affected by cultural influences? | socio-cultural perspective |
| What does the socio-cultural perspective study? | different cultural forces acting on people |
| Where is the socio-cultural perspective studied? | within and between countries |
| How is the socio-cultural perspective studied? | comparing attitudes, abilities, and behavior patterns |
| What is the perspective that behaviors result from the "Ego" resoling conflicts between the "Id" (wants) and the "Superego" (demands)? | psychodynamic perspective |
| What does the psychodynamic perspective study? | powerful inner forces (drives and conflicts) |
| Where is the psychodynamic perspective studied? | the conscious, pre-conscious and unconscious |
| How is the psychodynamic perspective studied? | dream analysis, free-association, and projective tests |
| Describe the Psychodynamic perspective. | We all have things we want to do, but restrictions of what we have to do, so we have to find a middle ground so that we do not break any social rules. |
| According to the psychodynamic perspective, behavior is driven by what? | powerful inner forces |
| Who developed psychodynamic principles? | Sigmund Freud |
| Sigmund Freud was the first to recognize what? | that human nature is not always rational and that actions may be driven by motives that are not in conscious awareness |
| What are the psychodynamic perspective's focus of study and primary research topics? | unconscious drives and conflicts; behavior as overt expressions of unconscious motives |
| What are the behavior perspective's focus of study and primary research topics? | specific overt responses; behavior and its stimulus causes and consequences |
| What are the humanistic perspective's focus of study and primary research topics? | human experience and potentials; life patterns, values, and goals |
| What are the cognitive perspective's focus of study and primary research topics? | mental processes, language; inferred mental processes through behavioral indicators |
| What are the biological perspective's focus of study and primary research topics? | brain and nervous system processes; biochemical basis of behavior and mental processes |
| What are the evolutionary perspective's focus of study and primary research topics? | evolved psychological adaptations; mental mechanisms in terms of evolved adaptive functions |
| What are the sociocultural perspective's focus of study and primary research topics? | cross-cultural patterns of attitudes and behaviors; universal and culture-specific aspects of human experience |
Created by:
kristen465