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Unit 1 Pharmacology
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| How a drug moves through body | Pharmacokinetics |
| How the drug interacts with the body | Pharmacodynamics |
| 1st phase of drug action | Pharmaceutic |
| Have less gastric acidity | Very young & old |
| Breakdown of tablet into smaller particles | Disintegration |
| Dissolving of smaller particles | Dissolution |
| Sustained release drug, never crush | Enteric coated meds |
| Time it takes for drug to disintegrate & dissolve | Rate limiting |
| Cells carry drug across membrane | Pinocytosis |
| Movement of drug from the GI tract to body fluids | Absorption |
| Higher concentration to lower concentration | Passive transport |
| Require energy to move from lower concentration to higher concentration | Active transport |
| Pass easily and rapidly thru the membrane | Lipid soluble |
| No positive or negative charge & pass easily thru membrane | Nonionized drugs |
| Need a carrier (protein or enzyme) | Water soluble drugs |
| Factors affecting drug absorption | blood flow, pain, stress, food, pH, hunger, fasting |
| Drugs go to liver before entering the circulation | First pass effect |
| Amount of drug that reaches the circulation | Bioavailability |
| 100% bioavailability | IV route |
| Drug form, route, GI mucosa & motility, food, & other drugs | Factors that affect bioavailability |
| Drug becomes available to body tissues | Distribution |
| Drugs are carried to tissues by | Blood |
| Pus filled pocket of infection w/no blood vessels | Abscess |
| Limited blood flow | Tumor |
| Before giving meds check | Plasma protein & albumin levels |
| Volume of drug distribution in plasma | Protein binding |
| Most important protein a drug can bind to | Plasma albumin |
| Drug not bound to proteins | Free drugs |
| Decreased metabolism rate leads to drug accumulation in body | Drug Toxicity |
| Time it takes for half the drug to be excreted | Half-life |
| Short half-life | 4-8 hours |
| Long half-life | 24 hours |
| Drugs that need to be given more frequently | Short half-life |
| Drugs distributed in plasma & to varying degrees bound to albumin (protein) | Protein binding affect |
| Most accurate way to determine kidney function | Creatinine clearance (12-24 hour urine collection) |
| Kidney disease, impaired blood flow to kidneys | Factors affecting urine pH |
| Main route is kidneys | Excretion |
| Result in drug accumulation & toxicity | Kidney disease or decreased blood flow |
| Determines minimal amount of drug & how much dose needed | Dose response |
| Maximum drug effect, no matter how much patient can't get anymore relief | Maximal efficacy |
| Time it takes to reach maximum effective concentration (time to work) | Onset |
| Drug reaches highest blood concentration, working hardest | Peak action |
| Categories of drug action | Stimulation/depression, replacement, inhibition of killing organisms |
| Length of time drug has effect | Duration |
| Bind to receptor to produce response or block one | Receptor theory |
| Chemical a drug binds to produce effect | Receptor |
| Produce response | Agonist |
| Block response | Antagonist |
| Drug acts on a variety of receptors | Nonselective |
| Has effect on all receptors | Selective |
| Estimate margin of safety | Therapeutic index (between minimum & maximum toxic effect) |
| Drugs with low therapeutic index | Narrow margin safety (plasma levels need to be monitored) |
| Drugs with a high therapeutic index | Wide margin safety |
| Highest plasma concentration, measures rate of absorption | Peak drug level (oral 1-3 hours, IV 10 min.) |
| Lowest plasma concentration, measures rate drug is eliminated. Drawn before next dose is given | Trough level |
| Immediate drug response required | Loading dose |
| Not related to desired drug effects, expected, desirable or undesirable | Side effects |
| More severe than side effects, unintended, undesirable | Adverse effects |
| Monitored by serum level | Toxic effects |
| Decreased responsiveness over course of therapy | Tolerance |
| Rapid decrease in drug response "acute tolerance" | Tachyphylaxis |
| Psychological benefit, with no chemical drug effect | Placebo effect |
| Effect of drug action varies because of genetic factor | Pharmacogenetics |
| Data provided for patient care | Assessment |
| Anything patient says | Subjective data |
| Analysis of assessment data | Diagnosis |
| Goal setting, outcomes (Patient will walk 10 ft. in 24 hours) | Planning |
| Plan in action, client teaching, carry out interventions | Implementation |
| How effective teaching was, goals accomplished or not | Evaluation |
| Drug dispensed from same container | Stock drug method |
| Individually wrapped & labeled for single dose | Unit dose method |
| No risk to fetus | A |
| No risk to animals, little to women | B |
| No risk to fetus, no info on women | C |
| Risk to fetus | D |
| Avoid during pregnancy | X |
| Sweetened liquid | Elixirs |
| 2 liquids not soluble | Emulsions |
| Liquids mixed, not dissolved | Suspensions |
| Absorbed thru skin | transdermal |
| Medication spread over entire patch | Matrix patch |
| Medication pooled in reservoir | reservoir patch |
| 25-27G, 10-15 degree angle, form wheal, mark area w/pen | Intradermal |
| 25-27G, 45-90 degree angle, inject slowly into fatty tissue | Subcutaneous |
| 20-23G, 90 degree angle (ventrogluteal, deltoid, vastus lateralis) | Intramuscular |
| Prevent medication from leaking back into tissue, pull skin down, inject, let go | Z-track technique |
| More rapid, 16-24G | Intravenous |
| Site for IM injection in adult | Ventrogluteal |
| 1st to address food safety | FDA |
| 1st to demand drugs be of some benefit | Harris-Kefauver Amendment |
| Drugs with or without prescription, can/can't be filled without one | Durham-Humphrey Amendment |
| Set rules for manufacture and distribution for drugs with potential for abuse | controlled Substance Act |
| Privacy | HIPPA |
| Rigorous oversight of drug safely after approved | FDA amendments Act |
| Laws regarding drug administration by nurses | Nurse Practice Acts |
| Chemical Nomenclature, long & complex | Chemical name |
| nonproprietary name, cheaper | Generic name |
| easy to pronounce and remember | Trade/brand name |
| Drug without prescription | Over the counter |
| All cultures have 6 cultural phenomena | Giger & Davidhizar Transcultural Assessment Model |
| ^ cultural phenomena | Communication, space, social organization, time, environmental control, biologic variations |
| High potential for drug abuse (Heroin, LSD, marijuana) | Schedule 1 |
| High potential for abuse, medical use, can lead to strong dependency (Demerol, morphine, codeine, hydrocodone) | Schedule 2 |
| Medically accepted, may cause dependency | Schedule 3 & 4 |
| Medically accepted, very limited potential for dependence | Schedule 5 |
| Rate of cell activity or secretion from gland increase | Stimulation |
| cell activity & function of organ are reduced | Depress |
| Replace essential body compounds | Replacement |
| Interfere with bacterial cell growth | Inhibit or kill organisms |
| Drug not bound to a protein | Active drug |
| Drug excreted more slowly than rate it is administered | Cumulative effect |
Created by:
Pharmacology Study Guides