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Bio I_Exam I_Terms
Key terms
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Phylogeny | "Tribe Source" - genealogical relationships between organisms |
| Null hypothesis | States the expected observation when the hypothesis being tested is found to be incorrect. |
| The pattern component (of chemical evolution) | States that complex carbon-containing substances exist that are required for life. |
| The process component (of chemical evolution) | States that simple compounds combined early in Earth's history to form complex carbon-containing substances before life began. |
| Isotope | A variant of an atom that contains a number of neutrons that differs from the number of protons (e.g., Carbon-14) |
| Dalton | Unit of measure (1 dalton = the mass of a proton or neutron) |
| Explain electron shell vs. orbital vs. valence | An orbital can contain up to two electrons, multiple orbitals are grouped into shells, the outermost shell is the valence shell. |
| What is CH4 | Methane |
| What is NH3 | Ammonia |
| What is OH- | Hydroxide (ion) |
| H3O+ | Hydronium (ion) |
| CH2O3 | Carbonic acid |
| C6H12O6 | Glucose |
| CH2O | Formaldehyde |
| Nonpolar covalent bond | Electrons are shared equally between the nuclei of atoms in the molecule |
| Polar covalent bond | Electrons spend more time closer to the more electronegative atom(s) in the molecule |
| Name the molecular bonds in order of strength, from strongest to weakest | Covalent, ionic, hydrogen, hydrophilic/phobic, Van der Waals |
| Electronegativity is denoted by what greek letter? | Lower case delta |
| How many unpaired electrons exist in the valence shell of nitrogen? | 3 |
| How many unpaired electrons exist in the valence shell of oxygen? | 2 |
| Explain the difference between solvents, solutes, and solutions | A solute interacts with another substance and becomes dissolved in it. The other substance is the solvent. When dissolved, the solute becomes a solution. |
| Polar or nonpolar molecules dissolve more easily in water? | Polar |
| Molecules that dissolve easily are said to be hydrophilic or hydrophobic? | Hydrophilic |
| Explain cohesion and adhesion | Adhesion - water adheres to solid surfaces that have polar characteristics. Cohesion - the property of water that causes it to "stick to itself" as a result of hydrogen bonding between water molecules. |
| Explain surface tension | Cohesion is stronger between water molecules at the surface, due to lack of neighboring molecules above. Water resists anything that attempts to increase the surface area, and therefore the surface does not break easily. |
| Is ice denser than liquid water? | No |
| Define specific heat | The amount of energy required to raise the temperature of 1g of a substance 1 degree Celsius (usually expressed in joules). |
| One mole of a molecular substance is equal to what? | The sum of it's components' molecular weights (in grams). Example: If a molecule has a MW of 10, then 10 grams of that molecule will contain one mole (6 x 10 E 23) of molecules. |
| What is the pH of distilled water? | 7 |
| Do acidic substances have a lower or higher pH than water? | Lower |
| If the pH is 4, what is the concentration of H+ ions in the solution? | 1 X 10 EE -4 |
| Do acidic substances have a higher or lower H+ concentration than bases? | Higher |
| Do buffers minimize or maximize changes to pH? | Minimize |
| Define "emergent property" | A simple characteristic or substance becomes more emergent (essential, integral) when it interacts as part of a larger substance or structure (i.e., the sum of the parts does not exceed the whole). |
| All of the variations available in a species is known as the what?? | Gene pool |
| All of the genes that make up a given species are collectively known as its what? | Genome |
| What percent of all species that have ever lived are now extinct? | 99% |
| Explain the difference between homogenous and heterogenous | Homogenous: consisting of the same (e.g., a solution consisting of one compound, such as saline). Heterogenous: consisting of different things (e.g., a solution of saline with glucose). |
| Define "chemical equilibrium" | A stable state resulting from reversible chemical reactions where the products and reactants have the same number of component elements (e.g., H2O yields H+ & OH-) |
| Turning liquid water into water vapor is endothermic or exothermic? | Endothermic |
| What is the transferred energy between to objects when one is hot and one is cold? | Heat |
| What is the kinetic energy of molecular motion (electron motion) called? | Thermal energy |
| What is the first law of thermodynamics? | States that energy is conserved during a chemical reaction; that it is neither created nor destroyed. Existing energy in any form can only be transformed or transferred. |
| If the products have lower potential energy than the reactants, are the reactions thought to be more spontaneous or less? | More |
| Increased disorder and stability in an isolated system attracts spontaneous reactions, and is called what? | Entropy |
| What is the second law of thermodynamics? | States that entropy will always increase in an isolated system, and that reactions will become more spontaneous |
| Define vestigial | Leftover remnant (e.g., the human tailbone, wisdom teeth, appendix) |
| Define analogous | Different but with common function (e.g., with wings of birds and butterflys) |
| Define inert | An atom that is non-reactive (valence shell has no unpaired electrons) |
| What are the most common elements found in life? | C H N O P S |
| synthesis, degredation, dissociation, oxidation, reduction, condensation, hydrolysis, (skip) | |
| What is the universal solvent? | Water |
| Water resists state changes, true or false? | True |
| What is the pH of blood? | 7.35 - 7.45 |
| Does pH affect enzyme function? | yes |
| Hydration sphere (review) | |
| Give an example of an exothermic reaction | Change of state from gas to liquid as gas cools (heat is given off). |
| Give an example of an endothermic reaction | Change of state from liquid to gas (requires heat in order to increase molecular activity). |
| G=H-T x S (review) Gibbs free energy change (review) | |
| delta G, hydrocarbon backbone, isomers, proteins (notes) | |
| What is LUCA | Last universal common ancestor |
| What are the names of the two models of chemical evolution? | Prebiotic soup model and surface metabolism model |
| What is the surface metabolism model? | Theorizes that early Earth's chemical evolution resulted from mineral deposits on deep sea volcanic vents coming into contact with dissolved gases. |
| What is the prebiotic soup model? | Suggests that complex modern organic molecules evolved from atmospheric gases or were brought from meteorites, facilitating synthesis of more complex carbon molecules. |
| What is a free atom with unpaired electrons in its valence shell called? | Radical or free radical |
| What are the names of the bonds between the monomers of proteins, nucleic acids, and polysaccharides? | Peptide bond (proteins), phosphodiester bond (nucleic acids), and glycosidic linkage (polysaccharides). |
| How many hydroxyl functional groups do carbohydrate monomers contain? | At least 2 |
| The geometric difference between the alpha and beta 1,4 glycosidic linkages can be described as what type of isomer? | Stereoisomer |
| Alpha and beta glucose monosaccharides can be considered what type of isomer? | Stereoisomers |
| When monomers are added in the construction of polymers, condensation reactions add monomers and produce what? | h20 |
| As polymers are broken apart, hydrolytic reactions occur, and they require what compound in order to cleave the bonds? | h20 |
| OH (or HO) denotes what functional group? | Hydroxyl |
| What element is bonded at the center between two monomers in a glycosidic linkage? | oxygen |
| What is the difference between an alpha glycosidic linkage and a beta glycosidic linkage? | The carbon-1 functional group is inverted geometrically |
| What is the name of the polysaccharide found primarily in cellular structure of bacteria? | Peptidoglycan |
| What is the most abundant organic compound on Earth? | cellulose |
| What is the main function of an enzyme? | To act as a catalyst for specific chemical reactions. |
| What are the names of the base sugars that make up RNA and DNA? | Ribose and deoxyribose |
| What is the most important enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of polysaccharides (releasing glucose and h2o)? | Phosphorylase |
| What type of glycosidic linkage is present in glycogen and starch? Are these polysaccharides easily cleaved via hydrolysis provide glucose monomers? | alpha linkages. Yes they are. |
| What is the difference between the carbon rings in nucleic acids versus in glucose? | nucleic acids are pentose and glucose is a hexose. |
| Purines and pyrimidines are categorized as what part of the nucleic acid monomer? | Nitrogenous base |
| What are the names of the backbones in proteins and in nucleotides? | hydrocarbon backbone and sugar-phosphate backbone |
| Why is ATP considered to be an "activated" nucleotide? | Because a reaction has caused two additional phosphates to bond to the monomer's single phosphate, raising the potential energy enough to drive spontaneous reactions. |
| If the molecular weight of sodium is 23, how would the mass of sodium be expressed in moles? | 23g/mol |
| What are base pairs (initials) for DNA and RNA? | ATGC ; AUGC |
| What is the bond (type of bond) that holds the base pairs together between the ladders of the DNA double helix? | Hydrogen bond |
| In the phosphodiester bond of a nucleotide, which carbon junctions are used in the pentose ring? Which functional groups are involved? | Carbon 3' and carbon 5' ; hydroxyl on the 3' and phosphate on the 5' |
| How are the "primary structure" base pair sequences in DNA molecules read? in the 5' 3' direction or in the 3' 5'? | 5' 3' (5' is on top, the base pair is drawn on each monomer, in between the 5' and 3' carbon junctions). |
| What is the name of the chemical reaction that occurs when multiple phosphate bonds (such as in ATP) are broken? | Hydrolysis |
| A long strand nucleotide is reacting to add an additional monomer. To which end of the strand will the monomer be added, the 5' end or the 3' end? | 3' |
| Describe DNA primary and secondary structure (the difference) | Primary structure = nucleic acid polymerization ; secondary structure = nitrogenous base pair hydrogen bonding (between nucleotide "ladders") |
| What is another name for the R-groups in amino acids? | Side chains |
| What does it mean to say that something is alive? | E.C.I.R.E. (English Celtic Ire) E = Energy (acquire and use energy) C = Cells (are made up of cells) I = Information (possess DNA and respond to external stimuli) R = Replication (has a goal of reproducing itself) E = Evolution (evolved and will continue |
| If a polypeptide has fewer than 50 amino acids, what is it classified as? | an oligopeptide |
| What are the two functional groups of an amino acid? | amino group (n-terminus) and carboxyl group (c-terminus) |
| Is uracil a purine or a pyrimidine? | Pyrimidine |
| What type of base pair is it if the name ends in -nine? (as in guanine or adenine?) | It would be a Purine |
| Which is more catalytic, RNA or DNA? | RNA |
| Does RNA form tertiary structure? Does DNA? | Yes ; no |
| If an RNA molecule is enzymatic (catalyzes reactions), what is it called? | A ribozyme |
| What distinguishes ribose from deoxyribose? | Ribose has a hydroxyl functional group on its 2' carbon, deoxyribose has only a hydrogen atom. |
| Why do the phosphate bonds of nucleic acids have to be activated in order to be bonded as polypeptides? | Because they require the potential energy of ATP in order to create spontaneous reactions for phosphodiester bonds |
| Name 7 functions of protein | enzyme catalysis, defense, transport, support, motion, regulation, storage |
| What is it called when a substrate reaches its peak level of interaction with an enzyme? | The transition state |
| How do you determine the level of free energy in an enzymatic reaction? | Use the Gibbs free energy calculation, where delta G = delta H - delta S |
| In the Gibbs free energy equation, what do the variables represent? Explain how the result of the equation determines enzymatic catalysis. | delta H represents the change in energy level before/after the reaction (enthalpy), delta S represents the change in entropy. Delta G is delta H minus delta S, (free energy) which determines the spontaneity of catalysis. |
| What are the reactant molecules, that combine with enzymes, called? | Substrates |
| Who established the naming system for organisms? (e.g., Homo sapiens) | Carolus Linnaeus |
| In the Gibbs equation, when delta G is positive, and there is more free energy, the reactions are more spontaneous or less? The are called what kind of reactions? | Less ; endergonic |
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