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M.A. digestive
disorders and treatments
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| dyspepsia | Indigestion. Epigastric discomfort that occurs shortly after eating. Can include nausea, fullness, heartburn, bloating. |
| Eructation | Burping or belching |
| Aerophagia | unintentional swallowing of air, leads to burps |
| Halitosis | Foul breath |
| Pyrosis | Heartburn. Painful burning sensation in esophagus, usually caused by reflux of stomach contents. |
| Singultus or Hiccough | Hiccup. Involuntary contraction of diaphragm, followed by rapid closure of the glottis. |
| Regurgitation | return of swallowed food to the mouth |
| Hematemesis | vomiting blood |
| Emesis | aka vomitus. Material expelled via vomiting. |
| Constipation | infrequent, incomplete, or delayed bowel movements. |
| Obstipation | Extreme constipation or intestinal obstruction |
| diarrhea | abnormal idscharge of watery, semisolid stools |
| Flatus | Farting, flatulence. Gas expelled through anus. |
| Hematochezia | passage of bloody stools. Bright red, lower GI bleeding from the rectum that may originate in the distal colon. |
| Irritable bowel syndrome | abnormal increase in activity of small and large intestines, leading to diarrhea and flatus. |
| Melena (mah LEE nah) | Black, tarry stools caused by presence of partially digested blood. |
| Cleft palate | failure of palate to close during empbryonic development, creating opening in roof of mouth. Often accompanied by cleft lip. |
| Esophageal atresia | esophagus that ends in a blind pouch and therefore lacks an opening into the stomach |
| Hirschsprung disease | Congenital Megacolon. Congenital absense of normous nervous fx in part of colon, results in absence of peristaltic movement, accumulation of feces, and enlarged colon. |
| Pyloric stenosis | Contition in which the muscle between the stomach and the small intestine narrows or fails to open adequately to allow partially digested food into duodenum. |
| Amphthous stomatitis (AFF thus) | Canker sore. Recurring condition characterized by small erosions (ulcers), which appear on the mucous membrans on the mouth. |
| Aphth/o | ulceration |
| Cheilitis | inflammation of the lips |
| Cheilosis | Abnormal condition of lips present in ribloflavin (vitamin B) deficiency. fissuring and dry scaling of the vermilion surface of the lips and angles of the mouth |
| Dental caries | Cavities. Plaque disease caused by an interaction between food and bacteria in the mouth, leading to tooth decay. |
| Dental plaque | Film of material that coats the teeth and may lead to dental decay if not removed. |
| Ginvivitis | Inflammatory disease of the gums characterized by redness, swelling, and bleeding. |
| Herpetic stomatitis | Cold sore or fever blister. Inflammation of mouth caused by herpes simplex virus (HSV). |
| Leukoplakia | Conition of white patches that may appear on the lips and buccal mucosa. It is usually associated with tobacco use and my be precancerous. |
| -plakia | condition of patches |
| Malocclusion | Condition where the teeth do not touch properly when the mouth is closed. |
| Periodontal disease | Pathological condition of the tissues surrounding the teeth. |
| Pyorrhea | purulent (pus) discharge from the tissue surrounding the teeth, often seen with gingivitis. |
| py/o | pus |
| -rrhea | flow, discharge |
| -occlusion | condition of closure |
| stomat/o | mouth |
| dent/i | teeth |
| odont/o | tooth |
| Achalasia | impairment of esophageal peristalsis along with lower esophageal sphincter's inability to relax. AKA cardiospasm, esophageal aperistalsis, and megaesophagus. |
| -chalasia | condition of relaxing |
| dysphagia | difficulty with swallowing that may be due to obstruction (e.g. tumor) or a motor disorder (e.g. a spasm). |
| Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) | Flowing back of contents of stomach to the esophagus caused by an inability of the lower esophageal sphincter (LES) to contract normally. Characterize by pyrosis w/ or w/o regurgitation of stomach contents into mouth. |
| Barret esophagus | condition caused by chronic reflux from the stomach. It is associated with an increased risk of cancer. |
| Gastralgia | Gastric pain. |
| Gastrodynia | gastic pain |
| -flux | flow |
| Gastritis | Acute or chronic inflammation of the stomach that my be accompanied by anorexia, nausea and vomiting (N&V), or indigestion,. |
| Peptic ulcer disease (PUD) | Gastric or duodenal ulcer. An erosion of teh protective mucosal lining or duodenum. |
| Acute peritonitis | Inflammation of the peritoneum that most commonly occurs when an inflamed appendix rupture. |
| periton/o | peritoneum |
| Anal fissure | crack-like lesion of the skin around the anus |
| Anorectal abcess | circumscribed area of inflammation in the anus or rectum containing pus. |
| Appendicitis | Inflammation of the vermiform appendix. |
| Colitis | Inflammation of the large intestine |
| Crohn Disease | Inflammation of the ileum or colon that is of idiopathic origin. AKA Enteritis |
| Enteritis | Crohn disease |
| Diverticulitis | Inflammation occurring secondary to the occurrence of diverticulosis. |
| diverticul/o | diverticulum |
| Diverticulosis | Development of diverticula, pouches in the lining of the colon. |
| Fistula | abnormal channel from an internal organ to the surface of the body. |
| Hemmorrhoid | varicose vein in the lower rectum or anus |
| Ileus | Obstruction. Paralytic ileus is lack of peristaltic movement in the intestinal tract. Also called adynamic ileus. |
| Imflammatory bowels disease (IBD) | Chronic inflammation of the lining of the intestine characterized by bleeding and diarrhea. |
| Intussusception | Inward telescoping of the intestines. |
| Polyp | benign growth that may occur in the intestines |
| Proctitis | inflammation of the rectum and anus. Also called rectitis. |
| Rectitis | Proctitis. Inflammation of the rectum and anus. |
| Prutitus ani | Common chronic condition of itching of the skin surrounding the anus. |
| Ulcerative colitis | Chronic inflammation of the colon and rectum manifesting itself with bouts of profuse watery diarrhea. |
| Volvulus | Twisting of the intestines |
| Cholangitis | inflammation of the intrahepatic and extrahepatic bile ducts |
| cholangi/o | bile vessel |
| Cholecystitis | Inflammation of the gallbladder. |
| Choledocholithiasis | presence of stones in common bile duct |
| lith/o | stones |
| -iasis | condition |
| cholethiasis | Presence of stones (calculi) in the gallbladder, sometimes characterized by RUQ pain (biliary colic) with nausea and vomiting (N&V). |
| Caluli | stones |
| Biliary colic | RUQ pain |
| Cirrhosis | Chronic degenerative disease of the liver, mostly associated with alcohol abuse. |
| cirrh/o | orange-yellow |
| Hepatitis | Inflammatory disease of the liver that is caused by an increasing number of viruses, alcohol, and drugs. Currently named by letter, Hepatitis A-G, the means of viral transmission isn't the same for each form. |
| Hepatitis A | Virus transmitted through direct contact with fecally contaminated food or water. |
| Hepatitis B | Virus transmitted through contaminated blood or sexual contact. |
| Hepatitis C | Virus transmitted throgh blood transfusion, percutaneous inoculation, or sharing infected needles. |
| Hepatits D | Form of hepatitis that manifests itself only inpatients who have acquired hepatitis B. |
| Hepatits E | Strain of hepatitis virus that is transmitted through fecally contaminated food or water. |
| Hepatitis G | Newer hepatitis virus that can be transmitted by blood. |
| Jaundice | a yellowing of the skin and sclerae (whites of eyes) caused by elevated levels of bilirubin. |
| Pancreatitis | inflammation of the pancreas. |
| Femoral Hernia | Protrusion of a loop of intestine through the femoral canal into the groin. Also called a Crural hernia. |
| Hiatal hernia | Protrution of a portion of the stomach through the diaphragm. Aka Diaphragmatic hernia and diaphragmatocele. |
| hiat/o | an opening |
| Incarcerated hernia | Loop of bowel with ends occluded so that solids cannot pass; herniated bowel can become strangulated. Aka irreducible hernia. |
| Inguinal hernia | Protrusion of a loop of intestine into the groin |
| inguin/o | groin |
| strangulation | constriction of a tubular structure, including intestines, leading to an impedance of circulation. |
| Umbilical hernia | Protrusion of the intestine and omentum through a weakness in the abdominal wall. AKA omphalocele. |
| Omphalocele | Umbilical hernia. |
| umbilic/o | umbillicus |
| Cystadenoma | Glandular tumors that are filled with cysts, these are the most common benign tumors in the pancreas. |
| Hemangioma | The most common type of benign tumor, these are tumors of the blood vessels. |
| -oma | tumor |
| cyst/o | bladder, cyst |
| angi/o | vessel |
| hem/o | blood |
| Leiomyoma | Smooth muscle tumor that may occur in the digestive tract. |
| lei/o | smooth |
| Odontogenic tumor | Benign tumor that arise around the teeth and jaws. |
| Adenomatous Polyps | growths that arise from glandular tissue, have potential to become malignant. |
| Hyperplastic polyps | generally small growths that have no tendency to become malignant tumors occurring throughout the digestive tract. |
| Sessile polyp | flat |
| pedunculated | having a stalk |
| plas/o | formation/growth |
| Adenocarcinoma | A malignant tumor of epithelial origin that either originates from glandular tissue or has a glandular appearance |
| Adenocarcinomas in the GI tract | occur throught GI tract but especially in the esophagus, stomach, pancreas, and colon. |
| Hepatocellular carcinoma/ hepatoma | Malignant tumor of the epithelial origin that originate in the liver cells. Most common type of liver cancer worldwide. |
| Squamous cell carcinoma | cancers that have scale-like appearance. Arise from the cells that cover surfaces of the body. These occur throughout the digestive system. |
Created by:
bre9656