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CJSS Chapter 4
Rational choice
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| rational choice | the view that crime is a function of a decision making process in which the potential offender weighs the potential cost and benefits of an illegal act |
| Enlightenment | A philosophical, intellectual and cultural movement of the seventeenth and 18th century that stressed reason, logic, criticism, education and freedom of thought over dogma and superstition |
| marginal deterrence | the concept that a penalty of a crime may prompt commission of marginality more severe crime because that crime recieves the same magnitude of punishment as the original one |
| classical criminology | eighteenth social thinkers believed that criminal choose to commit crime and that crime can be controlled by judicious punishment |
| reasoning criminal | according to the rational choice approach, law-violating behavior occur when the offender decides to risk breaking the law after considering both personal factors (such as need for money. revenge, thrills and entertainment) and situational factors( how we |
| offense-specific crime | the idea that offenders react selectively to the characteristic of a particular crime |
| offender specifc crime | he idea that offender evaluate their skills, motives, needs and fear before deciding to commit crime |
| criminality | A personal trait of the individual as distinct from a 'crime" which is an event |
| boosters | professional shoplifters who steal with the intention of reselling stolen merchandise |
| permeable neighborhood | areas with a greater than usual number of access street from traffic arteries into the neighborhood |
| edgework | the excitement or exhilaration of successfully executing illegal activities in dangerous situations |
| situational crime prevention | a method of crime prevention to reduce particular crimes in narrow settings such as reducing burglaries in a housing project by increasing lighting and installing security alarms |
| defensible space | the principle that crime prevention can be achieved through modifying the physical environment to reduce the opportunity individuals have to commit crime |
| crime discouragers | discouragers can be grouped in three categories:guardians such as security guards: handlers who monitor potential offenders such as parole officers and parents and managers who monitor places such as homeowners and doorway attendants |
| diffusion of benefits | efforts to prevent one crime help prevent another, in other instances, crime control efforts in one locale reduce crime in another area |
| discouragement | crime control efforts targeting a particular locale help reduce crime in surrounding areas and population |
| displacement | a program that helps lower crime rates at specific location or neighborhoods maybe redirecting offenders to alternative targets |
| general deterrence | a crime control policy that depends on the fear of criminal penalties eg long prison sentence. the punishment outweigh the benefit |
| deterrence theory | the view that if the probability of arrest, conviction, and sanctioning increases, crime rates should decline |
| crackdowns | the concentration of police resources on particular problem areas, such as street-level drug dealing to eradicate or displace criminal activity |
| informal sanctions | disapproval toward the offender by significant others resulting in shame and embarrassment |
| specific deterrence | a crime control policy suggesting that punishment be severe enough to convince convicted offenders never to repeat their criminal activity |
| incapacitation effect | the idea that keeping offenders in confinement will eliminate the risk of their commiting further offenses |
| just desert | the philosophy of justice that asserts that those who violate the rights of others deserve to be punished. the severity of punishment should be commensurate with the seriousness of the crime |
| blameworthy | basing punishment solely on whether a person is responsible for wrongdoing and deserving of censure or blame |
Created by:
ryen1083