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APUSH Terms 1-42
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Trust, Pools, Holding Companies | Trust- Several Companies working together for a better profit (Rockefeller). Pool- When several companies get together and divide profit amongst eachother. |
| Boxer Rebellion | Patriotic Chinese did not care to be used as a doormat by the Europeans. In 1900 a superpatriotic group known as the “Boxers” broke loose with the cry, “Kill Foreign Devils.” Over two hundred missionaries/whites killed. Many Nations to put down rebels. |
| Union Pacific Railroad | Started in 1865 to bind Cali. to the Union. Started from Nebraska. "Credit Mobilier" Scandal occurred within the Company. Construction mainly done by "Paddies". Goal was to connect to the Central Pacific Rails. |
| Credit Mobilier | Workers within the Union Pacific Railroad started up the Credit Mobilier in order to get more profit. They got $73 million dollars of pay for only $50 million dollars worth of work. Would often pay off any congressmen, including Grants own V.P. In 1872. |
| Venezuelan Crisis | In 1903 Venezuela had debts to Germany, they didn't pay. Germany sank two Venezuelan boats, and Teddy got ticked. The "Roosevelt Corollary" told Europe to back off, and that the U.S would intervene next time Latin America was targeted. |
| John D. Rockefeller and Standard Oil Company | Founded in 1870 by John D. Rockefeller. Using "Horizontal Integration", he nearly completely monopolized the petroleum oil market. |
| Vertical Intergration | "Vertical Integration"-Used by Carnegie Steel. All steps in manufacturing is completed by the same company; No middle man who melts down the steel or mines the metal-only Carnegie men. |
| Andrew Carnegie | Began Carnegie Steel Company in Pittsburgh. He was a Scotsman, became king of steel manufacturing. Was against monopolistic ways like Rockefeller. |
| Bessemer Process | Discovered in the 1850's. Was a new way to produce cheaper steel in greater magnitude. Named after a British inventor and American William Kelly, who used the technique with little success. Started the move from iron to steel, specifically Carnegie's. |
| U.S Steel Corporation | Founded in 1901 after J.P Morgan bought out Carnegie Steel (for $400 million) when Carnegie threatened to take over Morgan's new steel pipe business. It became the first billion dollar business in America. |
| J.Pierpont Morgan | Was the King of the banks, he financed the railroads, insurance companies, and even other banks. He even provided gold for the U.S treasury. In the 1890's depression, Morgan placed many of his own officers as board members of rival companies. |
| Gustavus Swift and Philip Armour | Two kings of the Meat Industry. 1800s Swift enlarged fresh meat markets through branch slaughterhouses & refrigeration. He monopolized the meat industry. Armour pioneered the shipping of hogs to Chicago for slaughter, canning, and exporting of meat. |
| Stock Watering | A technique used commonly by railroad companies in which said companies would falsely boost up the actual value of pieces of their railroads, and sell stocks and bonds to people for more than it's actual value. |
| Jay Gould and Jim Fiske | Convinced President Grant to get the U.S Treasury to stop releasing gold so they could get it's value through the roof. Their plan failed when the government did release more gold, though. |
| Munn vs. Illinois | Occurred in 1877, and led to the decision by the Supreme Court which ruled that States had the right to regulate certain businesses within their borders, including railroads. |
| Interstate Commerce Act | Interstate Commerce Act in 1887. It prohibited rebates and pools and required the railroads to publish their rates openly.Also forbade discrimination against shippers and outlawed charging more for a short haul than for a long one over the same line, ICC |
| Long Haul Short Haul | Often times, Railroads would make up profit differences (from discounts they offered to powerful businesses who offered continuous traffic) by charging more for short hauls than long hauls (which made farmers and common folk angry). |
| Sherman Antitrust Act | Became law in 1890, forbade all forms of trusts (both "good" and "bad"), was full of loopholes and was rather ineffective until about the 1910's. The Act was actually initially used to stop labor unions/combinations that "restrained trade". |
| National Labor Union | The National Labor Union, organized in 1866, represented a giant bootstride by workers. The union lasted six years and attracted the impressive total of some 600,000 members, including the skilled, unskilled, and farmers. Excluded Chinese and blacks. |
| American Federation of Labor (AFL) | Began in 1886 with about 140,000 members; by 1917 it had 2.5 million members. It is a federation of different unions. |
| Great Railroad Strike | July, 1877 - A large number of railroad workers went on strike because of wage cuts. After a month of strikes, President Hayes sent troops to stop the rioting. The worst railroad violence was in Pittsburgh, with over 40 people killed by militia men. |
| Haymarket Square Riot | 100,000 workers rioted in Chicago. Police fired into crowd, workers met & rallied in Haymarket Sq to protest police brutality. Bomb exploded, killing/injuring many police. Chicago workers & man who set bomb were immigrants, led to anti-immigrant feelings. |
| Homestead Strike | The workers at a steel plant in Pennsylvania went on strike, forcing the owner to close down. Armed guards were hired to protect the building. The strikers attacked for five months, then gave in to peace demands. |
| Pullman Strike 1894 | Started by workers who were part of George Pullman's "model town". Orders for Pullman cars slacked off, Pullman cut wages, but did not cut rents or store prices. Fed troops ended strike, Debs jailed for contempt not ending strike. |
| Eugene V. Debs | Leader of the American Railway Union, he voted to aid workers in the Pullman strike. He was jailed for six months for disobeying a court order after the strike was over. |
| Thomas Nast | Famous Political cartoonist in the 1870's who aimed his cartoons at "Boss" Tweed-ring leader of Tammany Hall in NY, who stole $200+ million dollars from the state. Tweed tried to bribe him, it didn't work. |
| "New Immigration" | Around the 1880's, a new wave of immigrants, mainly from Eastern Europe like Italy, Greece, etc. Were usually not literate, WASPS opposed them, along with Nativevists. |
| Streetcar Suburbs | The appearance of the streetcar made living within the heart of the city unnecessary. People began moving to the edges of the cities and commuting to work by streetcar. Led to growth of suburbs. |
| Tenements | Urban apartment buildings that served as housing for poor factory workers. Often poorly constructed and overcrowded. Many immigrants, poor sanitation, poor health conditions. |
| Denis Kearney | Irish immigrant who settled in San Fransisco fought for workers rights. Led strikes in protest of the growing number of imported Chineseworkers who worked for less than Americans. Founded Workingman's Party, which was later absorbed into Granger movement. |
| Chinese Exclusion Law 1882 | Denied citizenship to Chinese in the U.S. and forbid further immigration of Chinese. Supported by American workers who worried about losing their jobs to Chinese immigrants who would work for less pay. |
| Frank Lloyd Wright | Considered America's greatest architect. Pioneered the concept that a building should blend into and harmonize with its surroundings rather than following classical designs. Mentored Louis Sullivan (sky scrapers) |
| Aschan School | The Eight, group of Amer Naturalist painters formed 1907, had formerly been newspaper illustrators, believed in everyday life in realistic detail. 1908 Armory Show was 1st art show in US. Showed impressionist from Europe, caused modernist revol in US. |
| Charles Darwin and Social Darwinism | Rockefeller was big on "Survival of the Fittest". Many Big Businesses justified monopoly with the idea of Social Darwinism-Powerful business would ultimately always overpower the weak. Used as an argument against social reforms to help the poor. |
| Spheres of Influence | The U.S wanted their own "Sphere of Influence" in China/Asia. A sphere was somewhere where trading went on, where cultures mixed. Led to Secretary Hayes pushing for an open door policy to gain a sphere in China. |
| Salvation Army, YMCA | Salvation-Came from England in 1879, did much good for lower class, including soup kitchens. YMCA-established before Civil War, it combined physical and other types of education, along with religion. They were in nearly every city by 1900. |
| Morril Act | Of 1862, government granted land to establish public schools/colleges. It required that said established schools provide military training to attending students in return for the land grant. |
| Gilded Age and Mark Twain | Twain teamed up with Charles Dudley Warner in 1873 to write The Gilded Age. An acid satire on post–Civil War politicians and speculators, the book gave a name to an era. Used Humor to Satirize the entire era and all of it's main problems. |
| Nouveau Riche | Name given to the "rags-to-riches" people during the 1800's. They were people who gained wealth within their own generation, usually with the help of some sort of industry. They didn't have "old money". |
| Pragmatism and William James | Pragmatism(1907) by James, he described America’s greatest contribution to the history of philosophy. The concept held that truth was to be tested by the practical consequences of an idea, by action rather than theories. Nation of "Doers". |
| William Randolph Hearst | Rival of Joseph Pulitzer, who started "Yellow Journalism". He started up a chain of newspapers, including the San. Fran. Examiner in 1887. He sensationalized the Cuban Conflict, as well as a letter written by the Cuban minister (Lome) insulting McKinley. |
| Susan B. Anthony | Co-founded the Woman's Suffrage Association along with Elizabeth Cady Stanton in 1848. Pushed for women's vote, and was arrested for trying to cast a ballot in the 1872 election. She was a Quaker. |
| Horizontal Integration | Commonly used by Rockefeller. It was when a company would ally with another company(ies) to monopolize a given market. |
| Central Pacific | Stretched from California through the Sierra Mountains to meet up with the end of the Union Pacific. The "Big Four" backed it, using two construction companies. Two of the Four were Leland Stanford and Collis Huntington.They didn't get involved in bribery |
| Robber Barons | The owners of big businesses who made large amounts of money by cheating the federal government. |
| Wealth of Nations | Adam Smith book. Promoted laissez-faire, free-market economy, and supply-and-demand economics. Laissez-faire is a theory that the economy does better without government intervention in business. |
Created by:
anboehm12