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Chapter 14
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Lorenzo de medici | Italian statesman and de facto ruler of the Florentine Republic during the Italian Renaissance. |
| francesco petratrach | Aretine scholar and poet in Renaissance Italy, and one of the earliest humanists |
| leonardo da vinci | talian painter and sculptor and engineer and scientist and architect; the most versatile genius of the Italian Renaissance |
| micheal angelo | Florentine sculptor and painter and architect; one of the outstanding figures of the Renaissance |
| raphael | Italian painter whose many paintings exemplify the ideals of the High Renaissanc |
| baldas sare castiglione | an Italian courtier, diplomat, soldier and a prominent Renaissance author. |
| niccolo machiavelli | a statesman of Florence who advocated a strong central government |
| patron | a person who gives financial or other support to a person, organization, cause, or activity. |
| humanism | an outlook or system of thought attaching prime importance to human rather than divine or supernatural matters. |
| humanities | the human race; human beings collectively. |
| perspective | the art of drawing solid objects on a two-dimensional surface so as to give the right impressio |
| albrecht durer | durer: a leading German painter and engraver of the Renaissance (1471-1528) |
| jan van eyck | Flemish painter who was a founder of the Flemish school of painting and who pioneered modern techniques of oil painting (1390-1441) |
| francois rabelais | Rabelais: author of satirical attacks on medieval scholasticism (1494-1553) |
| william shakesphere | Shakespeare: English poet and dramatist considered one of the greatest English writers |
| miguel de cervantes | spanish writer best remembered for `Don Quixote' which satirizes chivalry and influenced the development of the novel form (1547-1616) |
| johann gutenberg | erman printer who was the first in Europe to print using movable type and the first to use a press (1400-1468) |
| engraving | a print made from an engraved plate, block, or other surface. |
| vernacular | the language or dialect spoken by the ordinary people in a particular country or region. |
| utopian | modeled on or aiming for a state in which everything is perfect; idealistic |
| Protestant reformation | a religious movement of the 16th century that began as an attempt to reform the Roman Catholic Church and resulted in the creation of Protestant churches |
| martin Luther | German theologian who led the Reformation; believed that salvation is granted on the basis of faith rather than deeds |
| Peace of augsburg | a treaty between Charles V and the forces of the Schmalkaldic League, an alliance of Lutheran princes, on September 25, 1555, at the imperial city of Augsburg, now in present-day Bavaria, Germany |
| John calvin | Swiss theologian whose tenets defined Presbyterianism |
| Huguenot | the Huguenots suffered severe persecution at the hands of the Catholic majority, and many thousands emigrated from France. |
| John Knox | Scottish theologian who founded Presbyterianism in Scotland and wrote a history of the Reformation in Scotland |
| indulgence | the action or fact of indulging |
| recant | say that one no longer holds an opinion or belief, esp. one considered heretical |
| presidestination | the divine foreordaining of all that will happen, esp. with regard to the salvation of some and not others. It has been particularly associated with the teachings of St. Augustine of Hippo and of Calvin. |
| theocracy | a system of government in which priests rule in the name of God or a god. |
| Henry VIII | son of Henry VII and King of England from 1509 to 1547 |
| Elizabeth I | Queen of England from 1558 to 1603 |
| Council of trent | a council of the Roman Catholic Church convened in Trento in three sessions between 1545 and 1563 to examine and condemn the teachings of Martin Luther and other Protestant reformers |
| Inquisition | a period of prolonged and intensive questioning or investigation. |
| Jesuits | a member of the Society of Jesus, a Roman Catholic order of priests founded by St. Ignatius Loyola, St. Francis Xavier, and others in 1534, to do missionary work. |
| Teresa of Avila | Spanish mystic and religious reformer; author of religious classics and a Christian saint |
| Annul | declare invalid |
| Canonize | (in the Roman Catholic Church) officially declare (a dead person) to be a saint. |
| Compromise | an agreement or a settlement of a dispute that is reached by each side making concessions. |
| Scapegoat | a goat sent into the wilderness after the Jewish chief priest had symbolically laid the sins of the people upon it |
| ghetto | a part of a city, esp. a slum area, occupied by a minority group or groups. |
| Nicolaus Copernicus | Polish astronomer who produced a workable model of the solar system with the sun in the center |
| Johannes Kelper | German astronomer who first stated laws of planetary motion |
| Galileo galilel | Italian astronomer and mathematician who was the first to use a telescope to study the stars |
| Francis Bacon | English statesman and philosopher; precursor of British empiricism; advocated inductive reasoning |
| Rene Descartes | French philosopher and mathematician; developed dualistic theory of mind and matter; introduced the use of coordinates to locate a point in two or three dimensions |
| Isaac Newton | English mathematician and physicist; remembered for developing the calculus and for his law of gravitation and his three laws of motion |
| Robert Boyle | Irish chemist who established that air has weight and whose definitions of chemical elements and chemical reactions helped to dissociate chemistry from alchemy |
| Heliocentric | having or representing the sun as the center, as in the accepted astronomical model of the solar system. |
| Hypothesis | a supposition or proposed explanation made on the basis of limited evidence as a starting point for further investigation. |
| Scientific method | a method of procedure that has characterized natural science since the 17th century, consisting in systematic observation, measurement, and experiment, and the formulation, testing, and modification of hypotheses. |
| gravity | the force that attracts a body toward the center of the earth, or toward any other physical body having mass |
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whitneysteggall