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Chapter 18
Chapter 18: Reactions rates and Equilibrium
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| How is the rate of a chemical reaction expressed? | the reaction rate is usually expressed as the change in the amount of reactant or product per unit time. |
| Define rate: | a measure of how much something changes within a specific amount of time. |
| Collision Theory: | Atoms, ions, and molecules can react to form products when they collide if the particles have enough kinetic energy. |
| Activation energy: | The minimum energy that colliding particles must have in order to react. |
| Activated complex: | An unstable arrangement of atoms that forms for a moment at the peak of the activation-energy barrier. |
| What four factors influence the rate of a chemical reaction? | Temperature, concentration, particle size, and the use of a catalyst. |
| Inhibitor: | A substance that interferes with the action of a catalyst. |
| First-order reaction: | Rate is directly proportionate to the concentration of only one reactant. |
| Rate Law: | An expression for the rate of a reaction in terms of the concentration of reactions. |
| Specific rate constant: | A proportionally constant relating to the concentrations of reactants to the rate of the reaction. |
| If products form slowly, then... | ...the value is small |
| Elementary reaction: | Reactants are converted to products in a single step. |
| Reaction mechanism: | The series of elementary reactions or steps that take place during the course of a complex reaction. |
| Intermediate: | A product of one step in the reaction mechanism and a reactant in the next step. |
| Most chemical reactions consist of... | ...two or more elementary reactions. |
| Reversible reaction: | A reaction in which the conversion of reactants to products and the conversion of products to reactants occur at the same time. |
| Chemical equilibrium: | A state of balance. |
| Equilibrium position: | The relative concentration of the reactants and products at equilibrium mark. |
| Le Châtelier's principle: | If stress is applied to a system in dynamic equilibrium, the system changes in a way that relieves the stress. |
| Equilibrium constant: | The ration of product concentrations to reactant concentrations at equilibrium. |
| Relationship between the solubility product constant and the solubility of a compound: | The smaller the value of the solubility product constant, the lower the solubility of the compound. |
| Common ion: | An ion that is found in both ionic compounds in a solution. |
| Common ion effect: | The lowering of the solubility of an ionic compound as a result of the addition of a common ion. |
| Free energy: | The energy that is available to do work. |
| Spontaneous reaction: | Occurs naturally and favors the formations of products at the stated conditions. |
| Non-spontaneous reaction: | A chemical reaction that does not favor the chemical formation of products at the stated conditions. |
| Entropy: | A measure of the disorder of a system. |
| Law of Disorder: | States that the natural tendency is for systems to move in randomness. |
Created by:
jmhschemistry
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