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20th Century Music
Western Music Final part 2
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Sociocultural influences in the 20th century | Inventions: airplane, automobile, telephone, phonograph, motion pictures, radio---Folk and popular music intertwine and intermingle with classical music styles. Composers were open to music of other cultures |
| Characteristics of 20th century music | Very diversified music, Included tone color, diversified rhythm(syncopation, polyrhythmic, Obstinate: a rhythm that repeats with same tonality/pattern. Harmony: consonance, unstable sounds, dissonant. New chord structures (polychords) |
| Chord structures in 20th century music | The "Fourth" chord: chords not based on triads; all tones in the chord are a 4th apart. Tone cluster/cluster chords: all of the pitches are in close prix. (whole or half steps apart). |
| What is atonality, polytonality and bitonality? (20) | Atonality: absence of tonality or key...polytonality (2 or more keys at once)....bitonality: (2 different keys at once) |
| What is impressionism? | An art movement of the 19th century based around French painters; named after a Monet painting. |
| Notable impressionist composers: | claude debussy: major-minor tonality is missing in his music (to "drown out" tonality), pentatonic scales (asian sound) and whole tone scales. ....Maurice Ravel: piano, orchestral works. Idiomatic (spanish flavor) and american jazz/blues influence |
| What is Neoclassicism? | 20th century movement where old styles. compositional forms of the baroque and classical periods are revisited, but using the new harmonies/sonorities of the period. Modern techniques pared with older forms or harmonies to create new kinds of works. |
| Notable compositional characteristics of Neoclassicism? | Return to tonality, return to conventional forms (dance suites, concerti gross, evident sonata forms), return to the idea of absolute music, the use of light musical textures, and the composer's conciseness of musical expression. (Back to Bach) |
| Neoclassic composer? | Igor Stravinsky |
| What was expressionism? | Considered to be the ultimate in freedom of expression of music of the 20th century. Very emotional music. Intense. Music sounds "ugly" associated with madness and death. Form of social protest to WWI and used to depict bloodshed and horrors of war. |
| Major composers of expressionism | Arnold Schoenberg, Alban Berg, Anton Webern, Bela Bartok, Dmitri Shostakovich, Charles Ives (an American) |
| What is serial music, Twelve-tone system, serialism? | A technique as a means of ensuring that all 12 notes of the chromatic scale are sounded as often as one another in a piece of music while preventing the emphasis of any one note through the use of tone rows/set/series orderings of the 12 pitch classes. |
| Tone rows | Original, retrograde, inversion and retrograde inversion. |
| Berg | A student of Schoenberg. "Wozzeck" is the 1st opera of the 20th century that is written atonally. |
| The music of Charles Ives | Music is unconventional and uses the folk and pop music idioms (revival hymns, ragtime, patriotic songs and barn dance music.) From when he heard two bands playing together and clashing sounds. "Putnam's camp" |
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