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PSY240FINAL
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What leads to the development of primary and secondary sex characteristics? | Increases in sex hormones |
| What are some ways adolescent brain develops? | 1. a burst of overproduction (followed by synaptic pruning) 2. increased myelination. |
| When does puberty generally begin earlier? | in cultures with adequate nutrition and medical care. |
| Why are early maturing girls are at risk for a wide variety of problems? | because they draw the attention of older boys. |
| For boys, puberty rituals often entail what? | tests of strength and endurance |
| What do girls puberty rituals center around? | menarche |
| When do eating disorders are most prevalent? And occur mostly with who? | in adolescence and emerging adulthood Female |
| Adolescents' substance use can be classified as? | experimental, social, medicinal, or addictive |
| What does adolescents whose substance use is addictive get when they reduce or stop their use of the substance? | they experience withdrawal symptoms |
| What does hypothetical-deductive reasoning entail? | The ability to test solutions to a problem systematically, altering one variable while holding the others constant. |
| What is the pendulum problem? | is one way Piaget tested the attainment of formal operations. |
| When adolescents reach formal operations what do they use it for? According to Piaget | they use it for all cognitive activities |
| When do adolescents and adults tend to use formal operations? | in some areas of their lives but not in others |
| What is formal operations? | that is a universal stage of cognitive development? |
| What is does the prevalance of formal operations do across cultures? | Appears to vary |
| What is the prevalence of formal operations measured by? | standard tasks |
| Where is formal operations used? | In the course of culturally specific daily activities |
| What type of abilities improves in adolescence? | Information processing abilities |
| What are the 3 information process abilities that improve in adolescence? | 1. selective attention 2. divided attention 3. use of mnemonic devices. |
| imaginary audience | the exaggerated belief that others are paying intense attention to one's appearance and behavior. |
| personal fable | is the belief that there is something special and unique about one's personal destiny |
| What does the imaginary audience result from ? | adolescents' egocentric inability to distinguish their thoughts about themselves from their thoughts about others' thoughts. |
| Scaffolding and the zone of proximal development are evident? | IN adolescense, when the skills necessary to do adult work are being learned |
| What 3 countries have a comprehensive high school? | 1. The United States 2. Canada 3. Japan |
| If countries dont have a comprehensive high school what at least do they have? | three different types of secondary school |
| Where is acedemic performance the highest? | IN developed asian countries. |
| HOw many hours in adolescense of work will interefere with school performance? | 10 hours. |
| What are avalible in some European countries? | apprentices |
| apprentices | adolescents spend part of their time in school and part of their time in the workplace receiving direct occupational training. |
| What do Experience Sampling Method (ESM) studies show? | greater mood swings in adolescence than in middle childhood or adulthood |
| When is there a decline in overall emotional state? | from fifth grade through 10th grade. |
| Self-development in adolescence is complex and may include what? | 1. an ideal self 2. a possible self 3. a feared self, 3. a false self 4. an actual self |
| What is self-concept is strongly influenced by? | self-perceptions of physical attractiveness |
| When is a time of gender intensification? | Adolescense |
| Why is there a time of gender intensification? | young people become more aware of the gender expectations of their culture |
| in many cultures risk becoming a failed man unless they learn to what? | provide, protect, and procreate |
| When are girls are generally believed to reach womanhood? | menarche |
| What did Kohlberg propose? and what are they? | three universal levels of moral development 1. preconventional reasoning 2. conventional reasoning 3. postconventional reasoning |
| preconventional reasoning | first level in Kohlbergs theory of moral development, in which moral reasoning is based on perceptions of the likelyhood of external rewards and punishments. Example: rules should be obeyed to avoid punishment --> person might avoid stealing |
| postconventional reasoning | Third level in Kohlbergs theory of moral development in which moral reasoning is based on the individuals own independent judgements rather than on what others view as wrong or right. ex: they view society rules as right but questions and changes them |
| conventional reasoning | Second level in Kohlbergs theory of moral development, in which moral reasoning is based on the expectations of others. example: Care of loyalty to others is emphasized. --> seen as good to conform to what others expect in a certain role, good husband |
| According to Jensen, morality develops in culturally-diverse ways based on what? | 1. Ethics of Autonomy 2. Community 3. Divinity |
| Which adolescents are more religious than adolescents in other developed countries? | American |
| In general, higher religiosity is related to a variety of positive features of adolescents' development, such as? | better relationships with parents and lower rates of substance use. |
| Adolescence is a time of increased conflict with parents in cultures that promote what? | autonomy |
| Whats the relationship between siblings in adolescence? | Sibling conflict is not as high in adolescence as in earlier life stages, but adolescents have more conflict with siblings than in any of their other relationships. |
| Relations with grandparents tend to be what? | close and positive worldwide. |
| In most cultures, adolescents spend less time with ___________ and more time with ___________ than they did in middle childhood | Family, friends. |
| what is more important in adolescent friendships than at earlier ages? | Intimacy |
| Rates of adolescent pregnancy are lowest in cultures that are what? | highly accepting of adolescent sexuality and in those that strictly forbid it |
| American adolescents have high rates of adolescent pregnancy, due mainly to what? | the mixed cultural messages they receive about adolescent sexuality |
| what are the negative concerns of video games? | mainly focusing on aggressive behavior and attitudes |
| what are positive things of video games? | mood regulation |
| age and crime are highly correlated because what? | adolescents are more independent from parents than at earlier ages and also more peer -oriented. |
| Depressed mood involves what? | a relatively brief period of sadness |
| major depression | enduring period of sadness combined with a variety of other symptoms, such as disruptions in patterns of sleeping and eating |
| major depression is rare where? | adolescense |
| What mood is more common in adolescence than in any other life stage? And particularly to whom? | depressed mood, especially among adolescent girls. |
| The most effective approach to treating adolescent depression is what? | newest medications and psychotherapy |
| Resilience | functioning well despite adverse circumstances. |
| protective factors promoting resilience in adolescence | 1. high intelligence 2. a good relationship with a parent or mentor 3. physical attractiveness. |
| Emerging adulthood is the age of what? (5 items) | 1. Age of identity explorations 2. the age of instability 3. the self-focused age 4. the age of feeling in-between 5. the age of possibilities. |
| What is emerging adulthood in Europe like? | The longest and most leisurely |
| Why is emerging adulthood in Europe the longest and most leisurely? | becuase education often lasts well into the twenties and the median age of entering marriage and parenthood is around 30. |
| Where is cohabitation most common? | In northern Europe |
| Where is living with parent throught your 20s most common? | Southern Europe |
| In Asian countries, emerging adults balance their identity explorations with what? | A sense of obligation to the family. They seek to become capable of supporting their parents, which is seen as a key marker of becoming an adult. |
| WHere is Emerging adulthood is rare but growing? | Devloping countries |
| Emerging adulthood is a time of peak of what? | physical functioning as indicated in measures such as VO2 max and grip strength. |
| VO2 max | ability of the body to take in oxygen and transport it to various organs, also called maximum oxygen update |
| Why do emerging adults feel less than optimally healthy and energetic? (3 items) | 1. poor nutrition 2. lack of sleep 3. he strain of balancing school and work obligations. |
| What is college sleep patterns like? | often irregular and disrupted, so that they accumulate a large sleep debt during the week and then try to compensate on weekends. |
| Why do emerging adults have sleeping problems compared to regular adults? | Part of the problem is that they tend toward eveningness in their twenties, whereas the older adults who set emerging adults' work and class schedules tend toward morningness. |
| What is good sleep hygiene | waking up at the same time each day, getting regular exercise, and limiting caffeine and alcohol consumption. |
| Rates of automobile fatalities are high in adolescence and emerging adulthood due to what? | A combination of inexperience and risky driving behaviors, but have been reduced substantially by GDL programs. |
| Substance use rates peak in the early twenties primarily because? | this is when social control is lowest. |
| The decline in substance use in the late twenties and beyond is primarily due to what? | to taking on new social roles such as spouse and parent, which provide new sources of social control. |
| formal operations | emphasizes scientific approaches to problems |
| pragmatism | recognizes that the problems people confront in their daily lives are often complex and ambiguous and do not submit to definite answers. |
| William Perry found that college students' reflective judgment develops through stages of what? | 1. dualistic thinking 2. multiple thinking 3. relativism 4. commitment |
| William Perry found that college students' reflective judgment develops through stages of what? due to what? | due more to education than to maturation. |
| who attains higher educational achievement? | women |
| What is the most and least structered tertiary education system? | Europe is the most structed and Japan is the least. |
| Tertiary education has been shown to have many benefits which are? | occupationally and financially as well as personally. Benefits include : 1. greater earnings 2. better verbal and quantitative skills 3. nonacademic benefits such as developing a clearer identity and more definite values. |
| Self-esteem often rises for emerging adults because what? | they have moved beyond some of the difficult issues of adolescence and they have more control over their lives. |
| In the identity status model, James Marcia proposed four categories of identity development which are? | 1. diffusion 2. moratorium 3. foreclosure 4. achievement |
| identity status model, James Marcia diffusion | identity status that combines no exploration with no commitment. ex: for adolescents- no commitments have been made among the choices avalibel to them. and no exploration is taking place. |
| identity status model, James Marcia moratorium | exploration but no committment |
| identity status model, James Marcia foreclosure | have not experimented with a range of possibilities but habe nevertheless committed themselves to choices. - commintment but no exploration. |
| identity status model, James Marcia achievement | the status of young people who have made definate personal, occupational, personal and idealogoical choices. |
| When is identity achievement reached for most? | emerging adulthood or beyond. |
| How does culture influence identity development? | By the extent to which they allow or restrict their young people's opportunities to make choices in love and work. |
| What does globalization often influence? and what does it result in? | It influences the cultural context of identity development and resulting in bicultural identities. |
| For members of ethnic minorities, there are a variety of possible forms their ethnic identity may take, which are? | assimilation, marginality, separation, and biculturalism |
| Beliefs about gender roles have become what? | less restrictive in American society over the last half century |
| where do gender stereotypes persist? | 1. in occupational roles 2. in the expectations for men and women to perform different kinds of jobs 3. in less favorable evaluations of women's work performance. |
| What happens to religious beliefs and practices in emerging adulthood? | they decline, reaching their lowest point in the life span. Emerging adults tend to hold highly individualized religious beliefs rather than adhering to a traditional doctrine. |
| What is the status of political participation in emerging adulthood? | its very low |
| What type of activities are emerging adults more likely to engage in than older adults? and why. | volunteer work and to join extreme political movements due to their ideological identity search and their lack of binding social commitments. |
| Where do emerging adults remain at home and enjoy doing so? | in southern Europe. |
| What happens do relations with parents in emerging adulthood? and why? | Relations with parents often improve as emerging adults become better at taking their parents' perspectives. |
| when is friendship most important? | emerging adult |
| what is most important in friendships as an emerging adult? | intimacy |
| when do activities with friends decline? | during the twenties as emerging adults form stable romantic partnerships. |
| Today's emerging adults often seek a "soul mate " who what? | provides an ideal fit with their own identity |
| Where are cohabitation relationships are as enduring as marriages? | In northern Europe |
| what age has the most common STIS? | emerging adulthood |
| What type of work do emerging adults tend to seek? | identity -based work that fits their abilities and interests. |
| When does unemployment peak | in developed countries |
| In the United States, unemployment is especially high among African Americans and Latinos why? | because they are more likely to lack educational credentials. |
Created by:
kdas