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Econ 335
human migration ish
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Economic influences on population | income per capita, life expectancy, quality of life, higher income = human capital development, stock of education/literacy skills, higher income = better quality of life |
| quality of life measures | freedom from bondage, high range of choices btw goods/services, occupational/social mobility, participation in society/gov't, and range of choices in social interactions |
| how is forced migration different from regular migration? | coercion from the home country involved. man made or natural |
| 2 types of checks in Malthusian population model? | Positive check- increasing death rate. preventative/negative check- decreasing birth rate. |
| factors increasing death rate | lack of food, poor housing quality, hard labor |
| factors decreasing birth rate | culture/beliefs of the time and individual. reducing number of kids per family (China's policy) |
| Malthusian demographic transition: | from regime of high BR and high DR to low BR/DR |
| 2 dominant forces affecting population size | mortality and fertility |
| Economic impacts from black plague | less people = less labor supply, higher wages/incomes. more women with jobs, higher marriage age, smaller family size, less fertility, change in property rights |
| Haddock/Kiesling on black plague | labor became scarce and valuable, while capital and land became more abundant and less valuable |
| Fixed proportions model | loss in life has an equal loss in economic activity.- land and capital is less productive |
| Variable proportions model | no decreases in non-human factors. factors now used towards activities requiring less human power |
| SOLOW THEORY AND MODEL. main argument regarding capital, output, labor, and technology | the amount of output produced by a given amount of capital and labor increases over time as technology increases |
| what does growth in technology come from? | output, capital, and hours worked |
| other 19th century output growth findings: | mainly due to technological progress. Economy tends toward steady rate of growth, and higher income means more money is allocated to savings... increasing per capita income |
| when technological change occurs... what else is needed? and what happens to labor? | capital investment to alter infrastructure. labor workers become more productive |
| When does the savings function and/or the capital investment curve shift upwards? | when population rate falls OR the savings rate rises |
| assuming steady level of capital per worker, what determines output per worker? | technological growth |
| Without technology... | rate of output will only be sufficient to keep up with population growth |
| FERTILITY DETERMINANTS | Amount of surviving kids: depends on biology/health and individual choice of the parents determines demand |
| supply factors | # of surviving kids if, natural fertility (biological factors), time between conception |
| demand factors | parents' preferences, cost-benefit analysis on available resources |
| Traditional Fertility Regulation TYPES | contraception, abortion, infanticide, abstinence, prolonged breast-feeding |
| Fertility COSTS | obtaining contraception, social costs, raising/educating/feeding/supervising the kid, opportunity costs |
| fertility BENEFITS | protection from maternal mortality. conformity with norms. being NORMAL |
| Nault and Legare | discussed relationship between infant mortality, maternal age, birth order, and gap between births |
| birth order matters because... | later siblings have higher mortality rates |
| larger families have... | higher infant mortality rates |
| the longer the interval between births... | lower infant mortality rate of the next child |
| Malthus on England: what is the Gross Reproduction Rate (GRR)? | number of girls born to the average women at prevailing fertility rates if she survives to the end of her childbearing period |
| if marriage increases what happens to GRR? | falls |
| Gailor and Weil. discussing post-malthusian and modern growth regimes. relating GROWTH and OUTPUT | post malthusian regime- rising population growth = higher income/capita. Modern growth regime- steady growth in income/capita and technology |
| Reasons for increased life expectancy? | decline in disease, improvements in medicine and implementation, better vaccination and antibiotics, improved living conditions/sewage |
| McKewon Thesis on declining mortality? | due to standard of living, not medical breakthrus. better nutrition and increased wages from industrialization |
| GOOD standard of living qualities: | affordable/accessible food. affordable clothing and housing. education. back in the day-having servants meant wealth |
| Preston/Bloom/Canning: What causes economic growth? | Productivity, Education, physical Capital investment, Increase in orking age population |
| Mortality stats during 19th century | real wages and mortality increasing due to increased urbanization. higher mortality and less children in cities |
| Why did mortality decline? | Medical advances, sanitation/sewage, drinking water |
| Example of Institutional Failure: Klein | In early Bombay, India development: emphasized water supply (quantity) over water mgmt (neglected sewage systems and adequate housing- especially for the poor). led to over-crowding |
| Williamson: What stimulates economic growth? think demographics | emphasizes proportion of working-age population vs. dependents (infants, elders, who don't work). increase in working age proportion = increase in income per capita |
| MIGRATION what usually causes it? | economic development/hope for better future |
| Push factors (why they want to leave) | low wages, unemployment, corruption, war, poor human rights, discrimination, crop failure/resource depletion, natural disasters |
| pull factors (attracting a specific destination) | better employment opportunities, living conditions, human rights, favourable climate, diverse economy |
| Todaro on Migration. why do people migrate? | because of an individual/family cost-benefit analysis. a rational move |
| 2 types of values when deciding to migrate: | Pecuniary- has monetary value (opportunity, transport, capital). non pecuniary- intrinsic value (climate, loss of social ties, differences in culture and politics) |
| Reasons people migrate with examples (3) | poor conditions (Irish-potato famine), Religious persecution (European Jews), war, or forced (Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade) |
| Reasons for abolition: | resistance from slaves (activism/rebellion). European protests (lobbying/campaigning). abolished in 1807, but injustice still occurs |
Created by:
jrpcleer