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Animal Breeding
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is a trait? | Any observable or measurable characteristic of an animal |
| What does an observed trait describe? | The appearance of an animal: coat color, size, muscling, leg set |
| What is a measurable trait? | A trait that cab be subjectively measured and recorded: weaning weight and speed |
| What is a phenotype? | An observed category or organized level of performance for a trait |
| What is a genotype? | The genetic makeup of an animal |
| What are animal breeders more concerned with? | Genetically changing a population |
| In the equation P=G+E, what do the letters represent? | P= phenotype G= genotype E= environmental effects |
| What are environmental effects? | the external factors (non genetic) that alter an animals phenotype |
| Animals with similar genes are said to be of the same what? | Biological type |
| What is a biological type? | a classification for animals with similar genotypes for traits: tropically adapted cattle, draft horses |
| Suitable changes in genotype result in what? | Improved phenotype |
| What is a system? | a group of interdependent components: animal industry, beef industry |
| What does the physical environment contain? | Elements to which humans have very little control: weather, soil type, altitude |
| What are fixed resources? | Size of farm, opportunity to grow supplement feeds, available labor |
| What is management? | Policy of farmer: amount of feed, culling rate |
| what is an interaction? | A dependent relationship among components of a system in which the effect of any one component depends on other components |
| What does genotype by environment interactions play a role in? | Determining the most appropriate biological type for a given environment |
| Are interactions always graphable? | No, must have 2 environments and 2 genotypes to graph |
| What is a breed? | Animals that, through selection and breeding, have come to resemble one another and pass those traits uniformly to their offspring; if a breeder creates a breed, we should accept it as such |
| What type of structure do most breeding industries have? | Pyramidal structures |
| What are the levels of the pyramid? | Elite breeders->Multipliers->Commercial |
| What does the pyramid suggest? | A flow of germ plasm, genetic material in form of live animals, semen, or embryos |
| What is a breeding objective? | A general goal for a breeding program, a personal idea of what constitutes the best animal |
| What is a commercial producer? | An animal breeder whose primary product is a commodity for public consumption |
| What is a purebred? | A group of animals wholly of one breed or line |
| What is a line? | A group of related animals within a breed |
| What are seedstock? | Animals whose role is to be a parent or contributes genes to the next generation |
| What is the purpose of animal breeding? | To improve animal populations and future generations |
| What is a population? | A group of intermating individuals |
| What are the two tools to improve population? | Selection and mating |
| what is selection? | Determines which animals become parents, how many offspring they produce, and how long they remain in a breeding population |
| What is mating? | We decide which selected males will be mated to which selected females |
| What are two types of selection? | Natural and Artificial |
| What is natural selection? | Occurs in nature independent of deliberate human control, affects wild and domestic plants and animals since all animals with lethal genetic defects typically never live to become parents |
| What is artificial selection? | Selection of primary interest to animal breeders, occurs under human control |
| Which selection is the most familiar type? | Natural |
| What are the two types of artificial selection? | Replacement and culling |
| What is replacement? | determining which animals become parents for the first time |
| What is culling? | Determines which parents will no longer remain parents |
| What is the general idea of selection? | To let the individuals with the best set of genes reproduce so the next generation will have a more desirable set of genes |
| What are breeding values? | The value of an individual as a parent |
| Which type of selection is the simplest and demonstrates how selection works? | Phenotypic |
| What is phenotypic selection based on? | an individual animal's own phenotype, NOT on pedigree or sibling performance |
| What is heritability? | A measure of the strength of the relationship between breeding values and phenotypic values for a trait in a population |
| What is fertility? | The ability to conceive or impregnate |
| What is pedigree data? | Information on genotype or performance of ancestors and/or collateral relatives of an individual |
| What are collateral relatives? | Neither direct ancestors nor direct descendants of an individual |
| What is progeny data? | Information on the genotype or performance of descendants of an individual |
| What does progeny data prove? | Value of animal |
| Why do we use information from relatives? | the individual can't provide direct info or to increase accuracy of predictions |
| What is accuracy? | A measure of the strength of relationship between true values and their predictions |
| What is genetic prediction? | An area of academic animal breeding concerned with measurement of data, statistical procedures, and computational techniques for protecting breeding values and related values |
| EBV | Estimated breeding values |
| EPD | Expected progeny differences |
| PD | Predicted differences |
| ETA | Estimated transmitting abilities |
| MPPA | Most probable producing abilities |
| ACC | Accuracy values |
| What is a sire summary | Lists of genetic predictions, accuracy values, and other useful information that can be used to find the most outstanding sires in the breed |
| What is a polygenic trait? | affected by many genes, no single gene has an overriding influence on the trait |
| what does between breed selection provide? | A way of using breed differences to make very rapid genetic change |
| What is mating? | where we decide which selected males will be mated with which selected females |
| What is a mating system? | A set of rules for mating |
| What is vigor? | A decrease in the performance of inbreds |
Created by:
lac043