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AP EURO CH 17
The Enlightenment
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| what were the 4 chief ideas that fostered the enlightenment? | newtonian worldview, britain's prosperity, need for reform in france, and print culture |
| who were the major intellectual forerunners of the enlightenment | newton and locke |
| what was newtons thought? | if nature is rational, society should be too |
| locke's work and views on human nature | Essay concerning human understanding; said humans start with tabula rasa and human nature can be improved |
| what did enlightened people admire about britain? (4) | religious toleration, free press, limited monarchy, unregulated economy and it was STILL STABLE |
| what was the main cause of print culture? 5 effects? | rise in literacy.spread of enlightened ideas, more concern for secular issues, writing as an occupation, growing public opinion, gov try to censor books |
| what is a philosophe | writers who flourished under print culture and wanted gov reform, toleration, commercialism, improved technology |
| what classes were philosophes from? where did philosophes get most readers from? | nobles, bourgeoisie. readers from rich commercial and urban classes + aristocrats |
| Voltaire's main policies | wanted religious toleration |
| What is Voltaire's major work and what did he write in it | Letters on the English; praised the toleration of the english and criticized france |
| what did voltaire write in candide | satire attacking religious persecution and was negative about human nature |
| what did the philosophes feel about the church? | it was an obstacle to human imrovement, had too much fanaticism, persecution, and privileges. |
| what is deism | enlightened belief that combines reason and religion |
| deist 2 main points | rational god god exists and life after death |
| what did voltaire write in treatise on tolerance? | about unfair murder of jean calas caused by fantacisms and need for judicial reform |
| what was spinoza's main views | to secularize judaism |
| spinoza major work, ethics | ethics; closely identified god with nature which made people criticie him as an atheist |
| what did spinoza write in thelogico political treatise | humans should use their own reason to interpret the bible, was anti superstition and pro rationality |
| what did spinoza do for jews | separated them from judaism, which made it possible for them to blend in society |
| Moses Mendelssohn also known as | Jewish socrates |
| Mendelssohn main view | combine loyalty to judaism and still be enlightened |
| Mendelssohn major work, Jerusalem; | religious toleration bc it doesnt hurt gov + distinction of jewish communities |
| how did mendelssohn and spinoza differ | mendelssohn was loyal to traditional judaism |
| Diderots major work and 3 effects | Encyclopedia; secularized learning, spread enlightenment, promoted nature and reason |
| Cesare Beccaria major work | On Crimes and Punishments |
| beccaria's policies (3) | wanted justice system to be more rational and fair, punishment is to deter further crime, purpose of laws is to secure good for greatest number human beings |
| what were physiocrats? what were their beliefs | economic reformers in france; gov is supposed to protect property + agriculture based economy |
| adam smith opinion on best way to grow economy | let people be self interested |
| what is laissez faire? what is the role of the gov | gov should have limited role in economy. to build roads, schools, army, navy |
| what did montesquieu say in spirit of laws | monarchs should be limited, no 1 set of laws could apply to all people, gov type depends on what country is like |
| what did montesquieu want for the gov in france | monarchy limited by parlements bc he thought absolutism was bad |
| what did rosseau say about enlightenment society | it had corrupted human nature, was all about commerce |
| 4 things said in Social Contract | society where each person has freedom while being loyal to community, obeying the general will makes you free, radical democracy, deism, |
| criticisms of kant, diderot, and herder about european empires | dehumanizing in new World conquest and european isnt the only human culture |
| how did women help the enlightenment? | salons |
| how did philosophes generally view women | traditional views and didnt want change |
| what did montesqui say about women | should have a wider role but still thought men were dominant |
| what did the encylopedia generally say about women | they were unconcerned with imp issues + had traditional role |
| what did rousseau say in emile | men and women occupy separate spheres, but said domestic role was very noble |
| what did mary wollstonecraft write and what were the points | Vindication of rights of women; criticized sphere idea, women were victims of male tyranny |
| rococco characteristics and famous artist | lighthearted, pastels, reflected french aristocracy luxury; watteau |
| neoclassicism 3 characterisics | ancient roots, showed realistic daily life, taught moral lessons |
| most philosophes favored | existing monarchies |
| what is enlightened absolutism | monarchies where central power was strengthened at expense of institutions |
| why did these monarchs support enlightenmnent/philisophes | because rational polices increased their military/political power and needed revenue |
| frederick the greats gov policies (4) | strong state, loyalty of the nobility, promotion through merit, enlightened education for officials, |
| frederick the great religious policies, | accepted catholics + jews, willing to build msoques for turks |
| frederick the great legal policies (5) | rationalized legal system, rid of regional differences, less aristrocatic influence, less torture, less capital crimes |
| fredericks economic policies | new crops, land mortgage credit association |
| maria theresa policies (4) | strenghened austrian state by collecting taxes from nobles, making central gov councils, gave peasants labor rights, opposed to rel toleration |
| joseph II 3 gov policies | centralize habsburg authority, expand territory, reduced hungary autonomy |
| joseph II 3 ecclesiastical policies | toleration + freedom of worship of different religions, took over church by taking land and money, made priests employees of the state |
| joseph II 4 economic policies | abolished tariffs, road building, river transport, more rational judicial system |
| joseph II agrarian policies (3) | gave peasants work rights, land inheritance rights, new land tax that made everyone pay not just peasants, |
| what failed for joseph II? | nobles opposed his fairer land tax and peasants revolted |
| what did Catherine the great do after coming to the throne/ | organized a legislative commission to figure out what reforms Russia needed |
| catherine great admin policies | granted nobles privileges in charter of nobility bc needed them, |
| catherine great economic policies (3) | stopped trade barriers, increased exports, friendly with bourgeoisie and philosophes |
| catherine great territorial expansion | won sea ports in wars with Ottomans, became orthodox christian protector in ottoman |
| what were 3 provisions in first parition of poland | russia abandons danubian provinces and gets polish territory, austria takes southern poland, prussia gets to unite its lands |
| what did partiiton of poland demonstrate | any nation without strong monarchy, beauracy, army could not surive in europe and countries willing to settle problems at expense of another country |
| what happened by end of eighteenth c in eastern europe | nobles and peasants rebel against enlightened policies, french revolution makes rulers anti enlightenment |
| rococo architecture originated in | early 18th c france |
| what is public opinion? why did it happen | growing influential force of views circulating at home and worksplace, happened because rise in literacy and print culture |
| where did the enlightenment really start | enlgish and french coffeehouses |
Created by:
mhaq.16