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world history
exam
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Who made important decisions in early farming communities | a council of elders |
| historians call the earliest period of human history | the Paleolithic period |
| early villages could support a growing population mainly because of | food surpluses |
| the top social class in ancient societies was usually made up of | priests and nobles |
| what was the result of the trade and warfare that brought ancient Egypt into contact with other civilizations | cultural diffusion |
| a major accomplishment during Egypt's Old Kingdom was | the building of the Great Pyramid |
| what was unique about the beliefs of the early Hebrews when compared to most other ancient peoples | they believed in one all-powerful god |
| where did the first farming communities develop in early China | Huang He Valley |
| What was an accomplishment of the Chinese during the Zhou period | they made the first books |
| Hindus believe that everything is part of the unchanging, all-powerful spiritual force called | brahman |
| What was one of the main teachings of Siddhartha Gautama | avoid desire because it causes suffering |
| the philosophy of Daoism is concerned with | living in harmony with nature |
| which Greek-speaking people dominated the Aegean world from about 1400 BC to 1200 BC and probably started the Trojan War | Mycenaens |
| What was an early form of government in the Greek city-state where power was in the hands of a class of noble landowners | aristocracy |
| Some Spartan women had the responsibility of running the family’s estate because | frequent warfare kept Spartan men away from home |
| In the early Roman republic, members of the powerful landholding upper class were called | patricians |
| Which of the following statements is true about Jesus of Nazareth? | his teachings were rooted in the Jewish religion |
| Feudalism developed as a way for medieval societies to | protect themselves |
| The system of English common law | applied to all the English people |
| During the late Middle Ages, what was an effect of the Black Death? | the European economy came to a low ebb |
| The city of Constantinople was in a key location on the strait that links the Mediterranean Sea with the | Black Sea |
| Which of the following is one of the Five Pillars of Islam? | Each muslim should make a pilgrimage to Mecca |
| When Muslims conquered a new land, they often | allowed conquered people to keep their own faiths |
| Who held most of the power in Japanese feudal society? | the shogun |
| China under the Tang dynasty | forced neighboring lands to become tributary states |
| The Swiss city-state of Geneva became a model of Protestant morality under the leadership of | John Calvin |
| What resulted from the Peace of Augsburg in 1555? | each German prince could decide the religion for his lands |
| Anabaptists believed that infants should not be baptized because | infants are too young to accept the Christian faith |
| Humanist scholars differed from medieval thinkers in that humanists | tended to focus more on worldly subjects |
| Sir Thomas More was executed because he | would not accept Henry VIII against the Protestant revolt |
| The purpose of the Council of Trent was to | direct reform of the Catholic Church |
| Unlike Francis Bacon, René Descartes believed that the best road to understanding was through | human reasoning |
| In the 1600s, Robert Boyle’s work transformed the field of | chemistry |
| The age of great change marked by renewed interest in classical learning and the arts is called the | renaissance |
| The Last Supper and the Mona Lisa were the work of the great artist | Leonardo da Vinci |
| What humanist of Northern Europe wrote about his vision of an ideal society, in which people live in peace and harmony? | Sir Thomas More |
| The inventor who perfected the microscope and was the first person to see cells and microorganisms was | Anton van Leeuwenhoek |
| The calculations of astronomer Johannes Kepler showed that | the planets move around the sun in oval orbits |
| What triggered the events that resulted in the formation of the Church of England? | Henry VIII wanted a divorce |
| Today’s Baptists, Mennonites, and Amish can all trace their religious ancestry to the | Anabaptists |
| What changes did the Catholic Church make during the Catholic Reformation? | it provided penalties for corruption among the clergy |
| The main goal of the Jesuits was to | defend, restore, and spread the Catholic faith |
| How did Martin Luther react when peasant rebels took up his banner as a means of bringing about social change in Germany? | he denounced the peasants, and the rebellion was surpressed |
| The southern tip of Africa became known as the Cape of Good Hope because | rounding it gave sailors a direct sea route to Asia |
| The Line of Demarcation divided world trade and exploration rights between the | Spanish and Portuguese |
| How did European expansion of the slave trade affect African states in the 1600s and 1700s? | African states competed to dominate slave trade |
| Large quantities of American silver flowed into the economies of East Asia through what important Spanish trading center? | the Philippines |
| In Ming China, why did European traders pay for Chinese silks and porcelains in gold or silver instead of exchanging trade goods? | the Chinese did not want inferior European trade goods |
| After the Japanese, and later the Manchus, invaded Korea, the Koreans responded by | excluding foreigners from their nation |
| When the first European traders arrived in the 1500s, the Japanese responded by | welcoming trade with the west |
| The first Europeans to challenge Portuguese domination of Asian trade were the | Dutch |
| In the 1400s, Europeans searched for new trade routes to obtain valuable spices that came mainly from | the Moluccas |
| The voyage to Calicut by Vasco da Gama soon led to the creation of a vast trading empire for | Portugal |
| How did Portuguese explorer Bartholomeu Dias seek a sea route to Asia in 1460? | He rounded the southern tip of Africa |
| The islands that Christopher Columbus explored in his voyage in 1492 later became known as | the West Indies |
| In 1513, Spanish adventurer Vasco Núñez de Balboa reached the Pacific Ocean by | traveling overland through Panama |
| How did Europeans usually acquire African captives for the slave trade? | they relied on African traders to bring captives to African ports |
| In the early 1500s, what method did Afonso de Albuquerque use to establish Portuguese outposts in India? | he burned coastal cities and destroyed Arab fleets |
| To rule China effectively after seizing Beijing in 1644, the Manchus | accepted the Confucian system of government |
| In the mid-1600s, which nation captured Malacca from the Portuguese and developed a monopoly on trade in the Spice Islands? | the Netherlands |
| When the Mughal empire weakened, British and French armies fought for power in India with the help of Indian troops known as | sepoys |
| How did the Chinese economy fare under the Qing dynasty? | Farm output increased and Chinese industry expanded |
| Why did Japanese shoguns turn against foreign traders in the mid-1500s? | Japan saw foreigners as a threat after Spain seized the Philippines |
| The Ming rulers allowed limited trade with Europeans under the condition that the Europeans would | leave at the end of trading season |
| The conquistador who added the lands of the present-day countries of Peru, Ecuador, and Chile to the Spanish empire was | Francisco Pizarro |
| At the top of Spanish colonial society were the | peninsulares |
| Through the Treaty of Tordesillas in 1494, | Portugal claimed its empire of Brazil |
| The English colonies of Massachusetts, Pennsylvania, and Maryland were mainly set up as | havens for persecuted religious groups |
| The first leg of the triangular trade route | brought colonial goods to the West Indies. |
| What is an estimate of the number of Africans that probably died in passage to the Americas during the Atlantic slave trade? | 2 million |
| Widespread inflation struck Europe in the mid-1500s due to the increasing amounts of | silver and gold from the Americas |
| What mercantilist policy was designed to protect local industries from foreign competition? | Tariffs lowered the price of imported goods |
| When he encountered the Taíno people in the West Indies, Christopher Columbus | claimed their land for the Spanish king |
| When the Aztec emperor first heard about the arrival of Spanish explorers, he sent them gifts because | he thought they might have been gods |
| The Spanish king maintained strict control over his empire through | his council of Indies in Spain that monitored colonial officials |
| In Spanish colonial society, creoles were | established strict trade laws for its colonies |
| To ensure that its colonies would be profitable, Spain | established strict trade laws for its colonies |
| In 1607, the English established their first permanent colony in the Americas at | Jamestown, Virginia |
| What lands did Britain gain as a result of the Treaty of Paris in 1763? | Canada and all French lands east of the Mississippi River |
| Which foods were first introduced to the Americas by Europeans through the Columbian Exchange? | wheat and grapes |
| How did Spain try to change its American colonies with the New Laws of the Indies in 1542? | the laws forbade enslavement and abuse of Native Americans |
| What is true about the economic system of capitalism? | It encourages private ownership of most businesses |
| The establishment of the “putting-out system” would later lead to | capitalist-owned factories of the Industrial Revolution |
| The Mayflower Compact | set out guidelines for governing Plymouth colony |
| Joint stock companies allowed early European capitalists to | raise large amounts of capital |
| What was a major threat to the empire of Charles V? | Ottomans advancing across Europe |
| An important goal of Philip II of Spain was to | defend the Catholic Reformation |
| In 1598, the Edict of Nantes helped to ensure | that French Protestants would not be persecuted |
| When the Huguenots left France in the 1680s, their departure | seriously hurt the French economy |
| The Long Parliament met when Charles I requested funds to | suppress a Scottish rebellion |
| What type of government was created in England by the Glorious Revolution? | limited monarchy |
| What was a result of the treaty known as the Peace of Westphalia in 1648? | France gained territory on its Spanish and German frontiers |
| What did Maria Theresa do to strengthen the Hapsburg empire? | she reorganized the Hapsburg empire |
| Peter the Great waged war against the Ottoman empire to | gain a warm water port on the Black Sea |
| Under the rule of Catherine the Great, | Russia seized lands in eastern Poland |
| What was a major cause of conflict within the empire of King Charles V? | Charles suppressed Protestantism in the German states |
| Under the rule of Philip II, which of these events helped to increase Spanish power? | The Ottomans were defeated at Lepanto |
| How did Louis XIV govern France in 1661 after the death of his chief minister? | He took complete control of the government |
| Louis XIV appointed royal officials from the middle class to his bureaucracy because | they helped check the power of the nobles and Church |
| Finance minister Jean Baptiste Colbert helped to make France the wealthiest state in Europe by | imposing mercantilist policies to bolster the economy |
| Which group consisted of dissenters who sought to change Catholic practices in the Church of England? | Puritans |
| During the English Commonwealth period, the Levellers demanded that | all citizens should have a voice in government |
| The Tories were an English political party that | supported broad royal powers |
| Which of the following was one result of the English Bill of Rights of 1689? | the monarch could not interfere in parliamentary debates |
| One effect of the Thirty Years’ War was | the severe depopulation of Europe |
| How did Frederick William I help to unify Prussia after the death of his father in 1713? | He gave the Junkers positions in the army and government |
| By 1750, Prussia and Austria | were battling for control of the German states |
| How did Peter the Great gain territory for Russia along the Baltic Sea? | He won a long war with Sweden |
| What contributed to the start of the English Civil War? | Parliament executed the chief ministers of Charles I |
| What rules discoverable by reason did Enlightenment thinkers try to apply to the study of human behavior and society? | natural law |
| Physiocrats supported a government policy of | laissez faire |
| An enlightened despot was a ruler who | influenced political and social change |
| Which enlightened despot traveled among the peasants in disguise to learn about their problems? | Joseph II |
| Because the American colonies were home to diverse reglious and ethnic groups, | social distinctions were more blurred than in Europe |
| Britain passed the Navigation Acts to | regulate colonial trade and manufactuirng |
| The Battle of Saratoga marked a turning point in the American Revolution because | the American victory convinced France to support the Revolution |
| Enlightenment thinkers were influenced by the idea of natural law that emerged from the | Scientific Revolution |
| According to Thomas Hobbes, the best form of government is | an absolute monarch |
| The system of checks and balances in the United States Constitution was influenced by the ideas of which Enlightenment thinker? | Montesquieu |
| Diderot’s Encyclopedia was important because it | spread Enlightenment ideas |
| Economist Adam Smith argued that, in a free market, business activity would be regulated by the forces of | supply and demand |
| What Enlightenment thinker argued that the purpose of government is to safeguard the natural rights of the people? | John Locke |
| During the Enlightenment, what argument did government and church officials use to justify their war of censorship? | God set up the old order |
| In the 1700s, British merchants gained enormous wealth by dominating what type of trade with Spanish America? | slaves |
| Which of the following British laws imposed taxes on such items as newspapers and pamphlets in the American colonies? | Stamp Act |
| The Constitution created a federal republic, which divided power between | national and state government |
| The idea of separation of powers in the Constitution was borrowed from Enlightenment thinker | Montesquieu |
| In France’s old order, the clergy belonged to the | First Estate |
| Louis XVI was forced to dismiss his financial advisor, Jacques Necker, when Necker proposed | taxing the First and second Estate |
| One important result of the Estates-General was | the National Assembly |
| The Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen was modeled on the | American Declaration of Independence |
| The National Assembly voted to pay off the huge government debt by | selling Church lands |
| When the new National Convention met in 1792, what form of government did the radicals create? | a republic |
| The Reign of Terror gave way to the Directory phase of the revolution in which the dominant political force was the | bourgeoisie |
| Which country was able to remain outside Napoleon’s European empire? | Britain |
| What war tactic helped the Russians defeat Napoleon? | scorched-earth policy |
| The Congress of Vienna promoted the principle of legitimacy by | restoring hereditary monarchies |
| In France’s old order, which of the following groups were members of the bourgeoisie? | merchants |
| In 1789, the delegates to the Estates-General that broke away and declared themselves to be the National Assembly were from the | Third Estate |
| Participants in the Tennis Court Oath swore to continue meeting until they were able to bring about | a just constitution |
| The poorest members of the Third Estate were | urban workers |
| The women who marched on Versailles refused to leave until the king agreed to | return to Paris |
| What form of government did the National Assembly create with the Constitution of 1791 | a limited monarchy |
| In the Declaration of Pilnitz, the king of Prussia and emperor of Austria | threatened to intervene to protect the French monarchy |
| When radicals took control of the Legislative Assembly in the fall of 1792, they extended voting rights to | all male citizens |
| Robespierre believed that France could achieve a “republic of virtue” only through | the use of terror |
| During the Reign of Terror, trials and executions were carried out under the authority of | the Committee of Public Safety |
| After overthrowing the Directory in 1799, Napoleon and his followers set up a three-man governing board called the | Consulate |
| Under the Napoleonic Code | men regained complete authority over their wives |
| The Continental System was a form of | economic warfare |
| Napoleon’s final defeat was at the | Battle of Waterloo |
| A major goal of the decision makers at the Congress of Vienna was to | suppress revolutionary uprising throughout Europe |
| During the Industrial Revolution, life changed in what basic way? | people migrated from rural areas to cities |
| The cotton gin was a machine that could | separate seeds from raw cotton |
| The first factories developed in what industry? | textiles |
| Thomas Malthus discouraged vaccinations because | disease was a natural means of population control |
| Which of the following best describes David Ricardo’s “Iron Law of Wages?” | Wage increases will not raise the standard of living of poor families |
| “The greatest happiness for the greatest number” was a goal of | utilitarianism |
| German socialists formed a social democracy in the 1860s in order to transition gradually | from capitalism to socialism |
| Karl Marx despised capitalism because he believed that it | created prosperity for a few and poverty for many |
| Land enclosure in the 1600s and 1700s resulted in | larger farms |
| Steam became an efficient power source because of improvements made by | James Watt |
| The slave trade contributed to the rise of industry in Britain by | bringing in investment capital |
| The development of steam power enabled the growth of | railroads |
| The people who lived in tenements in industrial cities were part of the | working class |
| Laws called “factory acts” were passed in the early 1800s to | reform child labor |
| Most early factory workers were women because | employers could pay women less than men |
| Which of the following was a long-term result of the Industrial Revolution? | a general decline in the standard of living |
| According to laissez-faire economists, the cure for poverty was | an unrestricted free market |
| Jeremy Bentham believed that | laws should be judged by whether they bring more pleasure than pain |
| According to socialists, the solution to poverty and injustice was | shared ownership by the people of the means of production |
| Which group established communities where all work is shared and all property is owned in common? | Utopians |
| which of the following was an advantage of the colonists in the American Revolution? | diverse geography |
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annalebrun