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| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Political Party | A group that seeks to elect candidates to public office by supplying them with a label, a "party identification" by which they are known to electorate. |
| Progressives | The faction in the Republican party of the 1890's to the 1910's composed of reformers who opposed the use of patronage and party bosses and favored the ledaership of experts. After 1910 they evolved into a nonpartisan, "good government" movement. |
| National Convention | A meeting of party delegates elected in state primaries, caucuses, or conventions that is held every four years. Its primary purpose is to nominate presidential and vice-presidential candidates. |
| National Committee | A committee of delegates from each state and territory that runs party affairs between national conventions |
| National Chairman | A paid, full time manager of a party's day-to-day work who is elected by the national committee. |
| Super-delegates | Party leaders and elected officials who become delegates to the national convention without having to run in primaries or caucuses. Party rules determine the percentage of delegate seats reserved for party officials |
| Political Machine | A party organization that recruits its member by dispensing patronage and that is characterized by a high degree of leadership control over member activity. |
| Patronage | Tangible incentives such as money, political jobs, or an opportunity to get favors from government |
| Plurality System | An electoral system, used in almost all American elections, in which the winner is the person who gets the most votes, even if he or she does not receive a majority of the votes. |
| Caucus | An association of members of Congress created to advocate a political ideology or a regional, ethnic, or economic interest. |
| Split-ticket Voting | Voting for candidates of different parties for various offices in the same election. For example, voting for a Republican for senator and a Democrat for President. |
| Personal Following | The political support provided to a candidate on the basis of personal popularity and networks. |
| Straight Ticket Voting | Voting for candidates who are all of the same party. For example, voting for Republican candidates for senator, representative, and president. |
| Direct Primary | a primary where voters directly select the candidates who will run for office |
| Winner-take-all-system | An election system in which the candidate with the most votes wins. |
| Tammany Hall | a political organization within the Democratic Party in New York City (late 1800's and early 1900's) seeking political control by corruption and bossism |
| Single-member Disctrict | A single-member district or single-member constituency is an electoral district that returns one officeholder to a body with multiple members such as a legislature. This is also sometimes called single-winner voting. |
| Linkage Institutions | A linkage institution is a structure within a society that connects the people to the government or centralized authority. |
| Realignment | occurs when a party undergoes a major shift in its electoral base and political agenda. |
| New Deal Coalition | an American political term that refers to the alignment of interest groups and voting blocs that supported the New Deal and voted for Democratic presidential candidates |
| spoils system | the practice of a successful political party giving public office to its supporters. |
| McGovern-Fraser Commission | A commission formed at the 1968 Democratic convention in response to demands for reform by minority groups and others who sought better representation. |
| Coalition | an alliance for combined action, esp. a temporary alliance of political parties forming a government or of states. |
| Dixiecrats | any of the Southern Democrats who seceded from the party in 1948 in opposition to its policy of extending civil rights. |
| Critical Elections | Realigning election are terms from political science and political history describing a dramatic change in the political system |
| Tea Party Movement | he Tea Party movement is an American political movement that is primarily known for advocating a reduction in the U.S. national debt and federal budget deficit by reducing U.S. government spending and taxes |
| K street | a major thoroughfare in Washington, D.C. known for the offices of think tanks, lobbyists, lawyers, and advocacy groups |
| Interest Group | a group of people drawn or acting together in support of a common interest or to voice a common concern |
| Feminist Movement | the movement aimed at equal rights for women |
| Union Movement | a collective organization of working people, to campaign for better working conditions and treatment from their employers and governments, in particular through the implementation of labor and employment law. |
| Supers PACs | a type of independent political action committee which may raise unlimited sums of money from corporations, unions, and individuals but is not permitted to contribute to or coordinate directly with parties or candidates. |
| Yellow Journalisms | journalism that is based upon sensationalism and crude exaggeration. |
| Think Tanks | a body of experts providing advice and ideas on specific political or economic problems. |
| Earmarks | a congressional directive that funds should be spent on a specific project. |
| Litigation | the process of taking legal action |
| Libel | a published false statement that is damaging to a person's reputation; a written defamation. |
| Defamation | the action of damaging the good reputation of someone; slander or libel. |
| Trial Balloon | a tentative measure taken or statement made to see how a new policy will be received. |
| Loaded Language | wording that attempts to influence an audience by using appeal to emotion or stereotypes |
| prior restraints | judicial suppression of material that would be published or broadcast, on the grounds that it is libelous or harmful. |
| Equal Time Rule | The equal-time rule specifies that U.S. radio and television broadcast stations must provide an equivalent opportunity to any opposing political candidates who request it. |
| Feeding Frenzy | an episode of frantic competition or rivalry for something. |
| Pluralist Theory | the view that politics and decision making are located mostly in the framework of government |
| Elitist Theory | societies are divided along the class lines and that an upper class elite will rule regardless of the formal niceties of governmental organization |
| Hyperpluralist Theory | A theory of government and politics contending that groups are so strong that government is weakened. |
| Free-rider problem | the problem faced by unions and other groups when people do no join because they can benefit from the group's activities without officially joining. |
| Sound Bites | a short extract from a recorded interview, chosen for its pungency or appropriateness. |
| Selective Attention | the capacity for or process of reacting to certain stimuli selectively when several occur simultaneously. |
| C-Span | a private, nonprofit American cable television network, created in 1979 by the cable television industry as a public service that televises many proceedings of the federal government, |
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